EMPEROR PENGUIN. 
holds good, as far as we were able to make out, for all Antarctic birds and 
beasts, in direct opposition to the experience of observers of Northern Polar 
birds and animals. 
The cry of the adult Emperor is far louder, more prolonged, and more 
musical than the harsh croak of the Adelie Penguin. It is a defiant trumpet- 
call, and can be heard at a great distance over the ice-floes. This is its rallying 
call note, and is emitted with the head erect, but it has also a clucking or 
clattering note to winch it gives expression in a different way. Bending the 
head and neck down low on the breast in a powerful expiratory effort, it then, 
in raising it, gives vent to an interrupted musical cry as the lungs are filled 
with air. The supraclavicular hollows can be seen distinctly emptying as the 
head goes down; and filling out again as the head is raised. The cry of the 
chick, which is noted elsewhere, is a more definite utterance of four notes emitted 
in the same way, and bearing a faint resemblance, according to our worthy 
bluejackets, to the words, “ Gimme some more, gimmie some more,” which 
is at any rate always implied exactly, even if the resemblance was somewhat 
vague. 
The bird occurs probably throughout the whole of the Antarctic regions 
within the limits of the ice, or, more exactly, it ranges longitudinally from 
151° E. in Victoria Quadrant, through Ross Quadrant, to about 50° W. in 
Weddell Quadrant. 
It appears that the various ages have each their own particular range 
during certain seasons, and that whereas the pack-ice is regarded as a safe 
nursery for the youngest birds in summer, the more advanced immature birds, 
which, at seventeen months, are then on the point of moulting, wander south 
to find fast ice on which to remain while the process lasts, knowing that in 
the disintegrating ice-pack they might be forced to take to water when it 
would be highly inconvenient for them to do so. 
Similarly, the adult birds, having finished all their duties to the young, 
now leave them to themselves, and also retire southwards in January and 
February to take up their retreat and moult in safety on fast ice. This 
accounts for the groups we met in full moult in January 15th, 1902, in the 
secluded bight known as Lady Newnes Bay; also for the multitude we saw 
in the fast ice of King Edward VIPs Land on January 31st, 1902, and for 
the various examples taken in January 1903, and in February 1904, all in 
full moult or with the moult just completed, in McMurdo Sound. 
We have substantiated the following facts: first, that the Emperor 
Penguin chick remains but four months in the down, a most astonishing fact 
if, as seems to be the case, the King Penguin chick remains in down for fully 
ten months; that it then moults to assume the blue-grey plumage with the 
71 
