550 
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARMOUR. 
as related at Indianhead. The former rebounded apparently un¬ 
deformed, while the latter set up and bulged round the body in 
a belt-like bulge. Holtzer’s 6-inch shot were apparently much better 
than the 8-inch, but he wrote a letter to the Engineer protesting 
against his shot (which had been delivered to England before 1889 
before the invention of the Harvey process) being taken to represent 
what he would now supply. This most reasonable letter may serve to 
remind us of the necessity of keeping in view the date of manufacture 
of projectiles used in any trial. Probably Holtzer's shot are very 
good now if used fairly, but it seems most desirable that other than 
these ancient specimens should be used in testing our service 
plates, especially seeing that there.is every reason to believe that our 
plates now bear attack as well as any that can be made, so that it is 
against their reputation to test them in a way that is open to obvious 
objection. 
About 1898, the writer is satisfied that other nations had obtained 
better results with projectiles than had been got in England, 
and he is satisfied that the U.S. officers judgment may be relied 
on in concluding from their trials that the Wheeler Sterling had on 
the whole a better record than even the Carpenter. Herr Krupp 
considers that in 1896 he had proof that shot made by him had com¬ 
pletely held their own compared with the Wheeler Sterling. Probably 
among the best of these there is little to choose. The following 
results obtained against Harveyed nickel steel with Wheeler Sterling 
shot in America deserve notice. 
On July 12th, 1894, a 12-inch projectile, 850 lbs. weight, perforated 
a 17-inch plate and 18-inch oak backing, with 1858 f.s. striking 
velocity and was recovered only slightly injured. 
On February 24th, 1895, a 12-inch projectile with weight and 
velocity as above, perforated a 14-inch plate and was recovered whole, 
except one inch broken off the point. 
On June 15th, 1895, a 4-inch 83 lb. shot with a striking velocity of 
2,000 f.s., penetrated 9-in. past the face of a 5^-in. plate uninjured. 
In England, in August, 1894, a Hadfield blunt pointed 6-in. projectile 
with about 1,960 f.s. velocity, perforated a 6-in. Harveyed plate which 
defeated the Holtzer 1 shot used in proof, the shot was however 
broken. 
Colonel Bainbridge made a shot in the Royal Laboratory which 
passed undeformed through 9 inches of steel (un-Harveyed). 
Steel shot made by a process devised by Isaac G. Johnson, of Spuyten 
Deeyvil, gave remarkable results in 1896. Johnson's shot owes its 
power to three properties : (1) special quality and treatment; (2) solid¬ 
ity ; (3) it has a cap on its point. On April 30th, 1896, a capped 6-in., 
100 lb., shot passed through a 7-in. reforged Harveyed Carnegie 
plate, the shot being deformed to the extent shown in Fig. 26, which 
is the reproduction of a photograph of the recovered projectile. On 
1 Shot made before 1889. 
