438 
THE SPANISH GUNEACTORY AND ARSENAL OP TRUBIA. 
4|-in.) in length. The largest furnace is the Siemen’s of 12 tons and 
the largest steam hammer weighs 6 tons, &c. &c. 
For moving and transport there are 47 cranes (hydraulic, steam and 
hand), including 4 of 600 tons, and 3 locomotives. 
On an average the works consume annually some 2500 tons of iron 
and 12,000 of coal, and produce from 900 to 1000 tons of war material 
valued at about Is. 3d. per kilogramme (roughly 7^d. per lb.). 
The executive staff consists of a Director, a Sub-Director, 3 Majors 
who are in charge of sections, and 5 Captains in charge of groups of 
workshops, besides the administrative and sanitation staff. The work 
of the different shops is entrusted to 2 Principal Foremen, 14 other 
Foremen and 17 assistants. 
The rank and file of the remaining personnel, consist of 1064 workmen 
and messengers of whom 118 have come from the School of Appren¬ 
tices during the last 12 years. 
The factory is divided into three sections viz. :— 
(1) The preparatory workshops for forging steel, casting guns 
and projectiles, &c., and the chemical laboratory. 
(2) The construction of guns, mountings and projectiles so far as 
the mechanical and steam-hammer work is concerned. 
(3) Models, carpentering, apprentices* workshop, repairs, Admin¬ 
istration, lighting, &c. 
The Sub-Director is charged with the drawing department whence 
all the plans are issued. 
These sections are again sub-divided into groups of which the artil¬ 
lery workshop is the most important. 
This consists of 2 large halls of total area of some 5000 square-yards. 
The numerous machines employed in this department include 2 turbine 
motors of 36 H.P. each, giving 310 revolutions per minute, made in 
Belfast on the Macadam principle; also Creusot steam motors of 30 
H.P. with 60 revolutions per minute. A press of 1000 atmospheres is 
from Tangy of Birmingham, and there are many other of the latest 
patterns of machines made by Armstrong, Whitworth, Tangy, Fair- 
bairn, Appleby, Tweedell, Canet, Schneider and others, so that with 
the assistance of this admirable plant worked by intelligent and highly 
educated personnel , the factory at Trubia is fully able to deal with all 
kinds of ordnance. The usual system of construction is to turn out 
guns tubed and coiled (when the jacket is of cast-iron), or coiled with 
certain orders of coils when they are made entirely of steel such as the 
32 cm (12’6-in.) and 28 cm (11-in.) guns of the ironclad Pelayo , and guns 
of small calibre. 
Mountings for all calibres from 30*5 cm (12-in.) downwards, in addition 
to much iron and steel-plate work are made in the second group of 
shops which extend over some 2190 square-jards, with a park of about 
3890 square-yards attached. 
In the 12 years 1879-91 this department has turned out 964 mount¬ 
ings, of which 387 are for coast defence. 
For the installation of machinery and transport generally, the works 
possess two locomotives, a travelling crane of 7 tons and an “ Aveling 
Porter** to run on rails, which can draw 100 tons, 
