70 
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY-I5TH ANNUAL REPORT 
C. Transported clays. 
I. Deposited in water. 
(a) Marine clays or shales. Deposits of great extent. 
White-burning clays. Ball clays. 
Fire-clays or shales. Buff-burning. 
Impure clays or shales { Calcareous. 
( Non-calcareous. 
(b) Lacustrine clays. (Deposited in lakes or swamps.) 
Fire-clays or shales. 
Impure clays or shales, red-burning. 
Calcareous clays, usually of surface character. 
(c) Flood-plain clays. 
Usually impure and sandy. 
(d) Estuarine clays. (Deposited in estuaries.) Mostly impure and 
finely laminated. 
II. Glacial clays, found in the drift, and often stony. May be either red or 
cream-burning. 
III. Wind-formed deposits. (Some loess.) 
IV. Chemical deposits. (Some flint clays.) 
(a) Replacement deposits. 
(b) Chemical deposits. 
Grout and Soper 1 have used the physical properties as a basis of 
classification and refractoriness the basis of subdivision. It is as follows : 
I. Refractory (above cone 27). 
(a) Earthy, usually residual, non-plastic 
(b) Plastic . 
(c) Flint-like, non-plastic. 
II. Semi-refractory (above cone 10). 
(a) Safely vitrifying. 
Red burning. 
Buff or Cream-burning. 
(b) Rapidly fusing. 
III. Non-refractory (below cone 10). 
(a) Safely vitrifying. 
Red-burning. 
Buff or cream-burning. 
(b) Rapidly fusing. 
Uses. 
China clay. 
. .Ball clay. 
. .Fire clay. 
f Sewer Pipe. 
' ’ *' I Paving Brick. 
.Stoneware 1 . 
Low-grade fire clay. 
( Drain tile. 
( Foundation brick. 
( Vitrified brick. 
I Fountain and sewer brick. 
.Common brick. 
Note—Subdivisions of II and III may be made on the basis of degree of 
plasticity, or some other physical character. 
Recently Parmelee 2 has proposed a classification which is based on 
the uses of clays according to their physical properties. Parmelee points 
1 Grout, Frank F., and Soper, E. K., Preliminary Report on the Clays and 
Shales of Minnesota, Minn. Geol. Survey, Bull. 11, p. i8, 1914. 
2 Parmelee, C. W., Further Investigation of Illinois Fire Clay, Bull. 38, Ill. Geol. 
Survey, p. 10, 1921. 
