a preliminary report on clays oe elorida 
247 
the products from western Florida; and on the other hand, the Escambia 
County producers can best dispose of their wares in West Florida and ad¬ 
joining portions of Alabama and Mississippi. 
Paving brick, the highest grades of face brick and sewer pipe are 
not produced in Florida, and, so far as is known at the present time, 
there are no clays within the State adapted to the manufacture of these 
products. Face brick of good quality can be produced in many places, 
but the best grades, suited for certain types of work, cannot be satis¬ 
factorily produced. For paving brick, sewer-pipe, and certain grades 
of face brick, therefore, Florida will be dependent upon outside 
supplies. 
SUBSTITUTES EOR CLAY PRODUCTS 
Numerous substitutes for clay-building products have been used 
with varying degrees of success and, without doubt, some of them will 
continue to be extensively used. 
Reinforced concrete, for example, has proved very satisfactory in 
Florida as in practically all of the other states, and much of the struc¬ 
tural work of the future will be of this material. At present, Portland 
cement is not produced in Florida, and again Georgia and Alabama 
products, or those from other states, must be imported with very high 
freight rates to supply local needs; moreover, clean, sharp sand and 
gravel for concrete work is difficult to obtain in south Florida, where 
the greatest construction work is being carried on. 
The lime industry in Florida is an important one and has given 
rise to the production of sand-lime brick. These are artificial brick, 
made of sand and quicklime. Florida ranks third in the manufacture 
of sand-lime brick. These brick have the same dimensions as common 
brick, and are used in structural work in the same manner. The use of 
sand-lime brick has proven successful, and will doubtless continue to be 
a common substitute for brick. 
Florida has no good building stone. Some of the soft limestones 
in west Florida and the coquina rock as well as the oolitic limestone oc¬ 
curring along the east coast, have been successfully used to some extent 
for structural materials. 
An artificial building stone, particularly for ornamental work, 
columns, arches, keystones, sills, etc., is made of crushed Ocala lime¬ 
stone, coquina, or loose shells, with sand and lime. This makes a very 
