3’SS 
MINUTES OF PKOCEEUINGS OF 
friction, while fhe power to produce rotation was not reduced, but 
rather increased; for it will be admitted that, as the lead-coating is 
much softer than the steel land which cuts into it, the strength of the 
lead-coating will be increased in this manner, while the steel land will 
have sufficient strength. 
The other system is that adopted by the Norwegian Government. 
It has an uniform twist, and has one row of studs all round the pro¬ 
jectile towards the front, to produce rotation, and another towards the 
base to give centring. These two sets of studs have separate grooves.* 
The driving grooves are deep, but terminate at some distance from the 
powder-chamber. The steadying grooves are shallow, and are carried 
up to the powder-chamber. The studs are not rounded off, but are 
purposely left angular, so that by the first wear of the driving studs 
the projectile may come gradually into bearing, and also allow the 
steadying studs to leave their grooves and jam themselves tightly in 
the bore of the gun.f 
The following wood-cut shows the grooves and studs with their 3-pr. 
mountain steel gun 
* In the smaller guns only. In the larger guns the driving and steadying studs are in the same 
groove, and a similar action is obtained by sloping away the driving edges of the driving-studs. 
f Probably some such action as this exists in the Woolwich gun; for it will be observed in the 
recovered projectiles that, in some cases, nearly one-half of the studs are worn away. Thus one 
half of each stud may give rotation, and the other half centring. 
