418 
MiNtJTES OF PROCEEDINGS OF 
carefully observed experiments with wheels, has led me to the following 
conclusions:— 
1. In the case of carriages loaded heavily and drawn over irregular and 
broken ground, a dish is of the utmost value to strengthen the wheel, 
whether the carnage be on springs or not. 
2. In carriages not supplied with springs, but liable to carry dead loads 
over all sorts of country, the lower spoke should be almost, but not quite, 
vertical. Consequently, with the requisite dish, the amount of hollow to be 
given to the axletree-arm will be measured by the difference between the 
“ dish ” and the “ strut.” 
3. If the carriage be on easy springs, considerable dish of the wheels 
is admissible without hollowing the arm. The wheels would then be 
cylindrical, and would roll truly. In this case, the strut of the lower spoke 
is equal to the dish of the wheel. 
Woolwich, 
February 3, 1874. 
