656 
AUSTRIAN FIELD ARTILLERY SERVICE PRACTICE. 
fered with only so far as necessary and unavoidable The military will, 
where practicable, respond readily to the wishes of individual owners 
as to changes in position of targets, and such matters. 
When an arrangement has been arrived at in this way with 
the communes, the commanders of military detachments are strictly 
responsible that the troops abide by, and in no way infringe on it. 
Only thus can the use of the ground be assured for after years, or the 
danger be avoided of frightening the proprietors of such, other grounds 
as may subsequently be wanted. Forcible proceedings are at all times 
to be avoided. Battery commanders are liable to make good all 
damages which themselves could have prevented. 
'Placing of Objects for Fire . 
Planks of 5^ ft. represent single men standing. Planks of 2J ft. 
represent single men kneeling. A section of infantry is represented 
by 24 dummies in a line 20 paces long, or by planks at equal length, 
5^ ft. high, with figures marked out thereon. A company of Infantry 
in line by four of the above. 
Other objects, and mounted men and cavalry in a similar manner. 
All such dummies to be painted grey or blue so as not to be con¬ 
spicuous. No bull's-eyes or cross-lines to be marked on objects, but 
Nos. 1 to adhere, in laying, to the points indicated to them by battery 
commanders. 
Only as many objects to be set up on one occasion as may be 
required that day. Fresh objects to be set up in the afternoon for tke 
next day*s practice. The officer in charge of this duty to have his 
precise instructions given him immediately before they are to be 
executed. 
In placing objects of fire regard must be had to formation of ground. 
Natural or artificial cover, similar to what would be met with on service, 
to be used, so as to exhibit its advantages. Similarly, objects are to 
be placed sometimes in front of, sometimes behind, rising ground, 
because, in the first case, corrections for laying have to be made 
differently from what would be the case on a plain, and, in the second, 
the observation of effect is rendered very difficult. A peculiar difficulty 
in judging effect of shot is occasioned when an object is placed on a 
ridge; it may show itself clearly against the sky, but shots which go 
over cannot be judged. 
Precautions for Safety and General Instructions . 
Besides the posting of vedettes, as necessary to ensure safety, it is 
directed that village authorities be made acquainted a few days before 
with the days, hour of commencement, and probable duration of the 
several practices, in order that they may warn their people. 
A regular committee is to be appointed to take down the results of 
fire consisting of a field officer, two battery commanders, and two 
