AMERICAN FORESTS. 
29 
beavers and of fallen trees in producing bogs,* and of smaller 
animals, insects, and birds, in destroying the woods. Bogs 
are less numerous and extensive in the Northern States of the 
American union, because the natural inclination of the surface 
favors drainage; but they are more frequent, and cover more 
ground, in the Southern States, for the opposite reason.f 
* The English nomenclature of this geographical feature does not seem 
well settled. We have bog, swamp, marsh, morass, moor, fen, turf moss, 
peat moss , quagmire , all of which, though sometimes more or less accu¬ 
rately discriminated, are often used interchangeably, or are perhaps em¬ 
ployed, each exclusively, in a particular district. In Sweden, where, 
especially in the Lappish provinces, this terr-aqueous formation is very ex¬ 
tensive and important, the names of its different kinds are more specific 
in their application. The general designation of all soils permanently 
pervaded with water is Karr. The elder Lsestadius divides the Karr 
into two genera: Myror (sing, myra ), and Mossar (sing, mosse ). “ The 
former,” he observes, “are grass-grown, and overflowed with water 
through almost the whole summer; the latter are covered with mosses 
and always moist, but very seldom overflowed.” He enumerates the 
following species of Myra, the character of which will perhaps be suffi¬ 
ciently understood by the Latin terms into which he translates the ver¬ 
nacular names, for the benefit of strangers not altogether familiar with the 
language and the subject: 1. Komyror, paludes graminosae. 2. By, pa- 
ludes profundas. 3. Flarhmyror , or proper hdrr, paludes limosoQ. 4. 
Fjdllmyror, paludes uliginosae. 5. Tufmyror, paludes casspitosas. 6. Bis - 
myror , paludes virgatso. 7. Starrdngar, prata irrigata, with their subdi¬ 
visions, dry starrdngar or risdngar , wet starrdngar and frdhengropar. 8. 
Polar, lacunae. 9. Golar, fossae inundatae. The Mossar , paludes turfosae, 
which are of great extent, have but two species: 1. Torfmossar, called 
also Mossmyror and Snottermyror, and, 2. Bjornmossar. 
The accumulations of stagnant or stagnating water originating in bogs 
are distinguished into Trash, stagna, and Tjernar or Tjdrnar (sing. Tjern 
or Tjdrn), stagnatiles. TrdsJc are pools fed by bogs, or water emanating 
from them, and their bottoms are slimy ; Tjernar are small Trash situated 
within the limits of Mossar.— L. L. Lujstadius, om Mojligheten af TJppod- 
lingar i Lappmarhen, pp. 23, 24. 
t Although the quantity of bog land in Hew England is less than in 
many other regions of equal area, yet there is a considerable extent of this 
formation in some of the Northeastern States. Dana {Manual of Geology , 
p. 614) states that the quantity of peat in Massachusetts is estimated at 
120,000,000 cords, or nearly 569,000,000 cubic yards, but he does not give 
