FORMATION OF DUNES. 
471 
subdue them, are full of scientific interest and of practical 
instruction.* 
Formation of Dunes. 
The laws which govern the formation of dunes are substan¬ 
tially these. We have seen that, under certain conditions, 
sand is accumulated above high-water mark on low sea and 
lake shores. So long as the sand is kept wet by the spray or 
by capillary attraction, it is not disturbed by air currents, but 
as soon as the waves retire sufficiently to allow it to dry, it 
* The principal special works and essays on this subject known to me are: 
Bremontieb, Memoire sur les Dunes, etc., 1790, reprinted in Annales des 
Pouts et Chaussees, 1833, ler s6mestre, pp. 145-186. 
Rapport sur les differents Memoires de M. Bremontier , par Laumont et 
autres, 1806, same volume, pp. 192, 224. 
Lefort, Notice sur les Travaux de Fixation des Dunes , Annales des 
Fonts et Chaussees , 1831, 2me s6mestre, pp. 320-332. 
Forohhammer, Geognostische Studien am Meeres XJfer, in Leonhard 
und Bronn, Jahrbuch, etc., 1841, pp. 1, 38. 
J. G. Konn, Die Inseln und Marschen der Herzogthumer Schleswig und 
Holstein, 1846, vol. ii, pp. 112-162, 193-204. 
Laval, Memoire sur les Dunes du Golfe de Gascogne, Annales des Fonts 
et Chaussees, 1847, 2me s6mestre, pp. 218-268. 
G. 0. A. Krause, Der Dunenbau auf den Ostsee-Kusten West-Preussens, 
1850, 1 vol. 8vo. 
W. O. H. Staring, De Bodem ran Nederland, 1856, vol. i, pp. 310-341, 
and 424—431. 
Same author, Voormaals en Thans, 1858, pages cited. 
O. 0. Andresen, Orn Klitformationen og Klittens Behandling og Besty- 
rclse, 1861, 1 vol. 8vo, x, 392 pp., much the most complete treatise on the 
subject. 
Andresen cites, upon the origin of the dunes: Hull, Over den Oorsprong 
en de Geschiedenis der Hollandsche Duinen, 1838, and Gross’s Veiledning 
red Behandlingen of Sand fug ts tr aiming erne, 1847; and upon the improve¬ 
ment of sand plains by planting, Pannewitz, Anleitung zum Auban der 
Sandfdchen, 1832. I am not acquainted with either of the latter two 
works but I have consulted with advantage, on this subject, Delamarre, 
Historique de la Creation d'une Richesse millionaire par la culture des 
Pins, 1827 ; Boitel, Mise en valeur des terres pauvres par le Pin maritime , 
1857; and Brincken, Ansichten iiber die Bewaldung der Steppen des Eu- 
ropdischen Russlands, 1854. 
