552 
INDEX. 
Ben GA,si, district of, rock formation in, 
537. 
Bergamo, change of climate in the val¬ 
ley of, 151. 
Bibliographical list of authorities, vii. 
Birch tree (black and yellow), produce 
of, 171. 
Birds, number of, in United States, 86; 
the turkey, dove, pigeon, 87 ; as sowers 
and consumers of seeds, 87; as destroy¬ 
ers of insects, 89; injurious extirpation 
of, 90; wanton destruction of, 92; 
weakness of, 93 ; instinct of migratory, 
94; extinction of species, 95; com¬ 
mercial value of, 97; introduction of 
species, 98. 
Bison, the American, 78 ; number and 
migrations of, 81, 83 ; domesticated, 
135. 
Blackbird, the proscription of, 91. 
Bogs, formation and nomenclature of, 
29-32; of New England, 29; repos¬ 
itories of fuel, 30. 
Bremontier, system of dune plantations 
of, 503 ; a benefactor to his race, 515. 
Breton, Cap, dune vineyards of, 508. 
Busbequius’ letters, 64. 
C AMEL, the, transfer and migrations of, 
83 ; injurious to vegetation, 132. 
Campine of Belgium, 513. 
Canada thistle, the, 68. 
Canals, geographic and climatic effects 
of, 359 ; injurious effects of Tuscan, 
359; projected, Suez, 519; Isthmus 
of Darien, 522 ; to the Dead Sea, 524; 
maritime, in Greece, 526 ; Saros, 527 ; 
Cape Cod, 528; the Don and the Volga, 
531; Lake Erie and the Genesee, 532 ; 
Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, 533. 
Cape Cod, sand dunes of, 487 ; legislative 
protection of, 502 ; vegetation of, 503 ; 
projected canal through, 528. 
Cappercailzie, the, extinction of, in Brit¬ 
ain, 96. 
Carniola, caves of, 434. 
Caspian Sea, proposed changes in its 
basin, 531. 
Catania, lava streams of, 544. 
Catavothra of Greece, 536. 
Cevennes, effects of clearing the, 153. 
Champlain, lake, dates of its congelation, 
163. 
Cherbourg, breakwater of, 46, 332. 
Chiana, Val di, description and character 
of, 417-420; plans for its restoration,’ 
420; artificial drainage of, attempted, 
421 ; successfully executed, 423. 
Clergy, mediaeval, their character, 282. 
Climatic change, discussions of, 9 ; how 
tested, 20; causes producing, in New 
England, Africa, Arabia Petraea, 20- 
22 ; man’s action on, difficult to ascer¬ 
tain, 51 ; deterioration, 71. 
Coal mines, combustion of, 546. 
Coal, sea, early use of, for fuel, 222 ; in¬ 
creased use of, in Paris, 295. 
Coast line, change of, from natural causes, 
331; subject to human guidance, 332. 
Cochineal insect transferred to Spain, 
105. 
Cochituate Aqueduct, Boston, 103. 
Col Isoard, valley of, devastated, 242. 
Commerce, modern, on what dependent, 
60. 
Como, lake of, proposed lowering of, 
358. 
Constance, lake of, 534. 
Cork-oak tree, yield of, 311. 
Corporations, social and political, influ¬ 
ence of, 54. 
Cosmical influences, 13. 
Cotton, early cultivation of, 61 ; can be 
raised by white labor, 381, 
Crawley Sparrow Club, 90. 
Cuivents, sea, strength of, 456; in the 
Bosphorus, 457. 
Cuyahoga river, 208. 
Cypress tree, its beauty, 314. 
D AKIEN, Isthmus of, proposed canal 
across, 522 ; conjectural effects of, 
523. 
Dead Sea, projected canals to, 524; pos¬ 
sible results of, 525. 
Deer, numbers of, in United States, 82; 
tame, injurious to trees, 130. 
Denmark, peat mosses of, 22 ; dunes of, 
497 ; extent and movement of, 498 ; 
legislative protection of, 501, 504. 
Desert, the, richness of local color, 445 ; 
mirage in, 446. 
Des Plaines river, 583. 
Despotism a cause of physical decay, 5. 
Dikes, recovery of land by, in the Nether¬ 
lands, 335 ; early usage and immense 
extent of, 336 ; encouraged by the 
Spaniards, 337 ; details of their con¬ 
struction and effect on the land gained, 
340-345 ; in Egypt, 413. 
Dinornis, or moa, recent extirpation of, 
in New Zealand, 95. 
Dodo, the, extirpation of, 95. 
Domestic animals, action of, on vegetation, 
79; origin and transfer of, 82 ; inju¬ 
rious to the forest growth, 130. 
