INDEX. 
553 
Don river, proposed diversion of, 531. 
Draining a geographical element,’ 360; 
superficial, its necessity in forest lands, 
363 ; effect on temperature, 364; un¬ 
derground, ib. ; extensive use of, in 
England, 362 ; affects the atmosphere, 
364 ; disturbs the equilibrium of river 
supply, 365; by boring, 362; in France, 
&c., 362 ; Paris, 363. 
Drance, Switzerland, glacier lake of, 403. 
Dry land and water, relative extent of, 178. 
Dwight, Dr., Travels in the United States, 
characterized, 52. 
E ARTH, fertile, below the rock, 537; 
transported to cover rocky surfaces, 
537. 
Earthquakes, effects of, 542 ; causes and 
possible prevention of, 543 ; of Lisbon, 
544. 
Earthworm, utility of, in agriculture, 100; 
multiplication of, in New England, 101. 
Egypt, catacombs, 70; papyrus or wa¬ 
ter lily, 70; poisonous snakes of, 112 ; 
supposed increase of rain in, 190 ; pro¬ 
ductiveness of, 230 ; necessity and ex¬ 
tent of irrigation in, 368, 373 ; cultiva¬ 
ted soil of, 372, 374; population of, 
37 4; amount of water used for irriga¬ 
tion, 380 ; saline deposits, 382; artifi¬ 
cial river courses of, 402; cultivated 
area of, 412; sands of, 458; their 
prevalence and extent, 459; source of, 
461; action on the Delta and cultiva¬ 
ted land, 462 ; effect of the diversion of 
the Nile on, 529; refuse heaps near 
Cairo, 541. 
Eland, the, preserved in Prussia, 86. 
Elm, the Washington, Cambridge, 146. 
Elsineur, artificial formation in harbor of, 
639. 
England, forest economy of, 221, large 
extent of ornamental plantations, 222; 
Forests of, described by Csesar, 222; 
private enterprise in sylviculture, 292; 
sand dunes of, 507. 
Enguerrand de Coucy, cruelty of, 281. 
Erie Canal, the, influence on the fauna 
and flora of its region, 116; lake, 
depth and level of, 532; proposed ca¬ 
nal from, 532. 
Espy’s theories of artificial raiu, 547. 
Etna, volcanic lava and dust, 131. 
Euphrates, sand plains in the valley of, 
511. 
Eye, cultivation of the, 11; control of the 
limbs by, 12; trained by the study of 
physical geography, 12. 
jpEUDALISM, pernicious influence of, 
Fir tree, the, its products, 311. 
Fire weed, in burnt forests of the United 
States, 287. 
Fish, destruction of, by man, 112, 114, 
120, 122; voracity of, 114; introduc¬ 
tion and breeding of foreign, 116; nat¬ 
uralization of, 117; inferiority of the 
artificially fattened, 121. 
Fish, shell, extensive remains of, in Uni¬ 
ted States, 117; of Indian origin, 128. 
Fish ponds of Catholic countries, 426. 
Fontainebleau, forest of, 34, 130; poach¬ 
ing in, 284; its renovation, 316; soil 
of, 513. 
Food, ancient arts of preservation of, 18. 
Forest, the, influence of, on the humidity 
of air, 162; do. of earth, 165; as or¬ 
ganic, 166 ; balance of conflicting influ¬ 
ences in, 176; influence on tempera¬ 
ture, 178; on precipitation, 181, 196; 
in South America, 184; the Canary Isl¬ 
ands and Asia Minor, 185 ; Peru, 188 ; 
Palestine, Southern France, Scotland 
and Egypt, 189; influence of, on hu¬ 
midity of soil, 196; on springs, 197; 
in Venezuela, 202 ; New Granada, 204; 
Switzerland and France, 205, 208; 
United States, 207 ; in winter, 210 ; 
general consequences of its destruction, 
214; on the earth, springs, rivers, 
215 ; literature of, in France, 217; Ger¬ 
many, 218 ; Italy, 218 ; England, 221; 
influence of, on inundations, 223; in 
North America, 225; disputed effect 
of, in Europe, 228.; principal causes of 
its destruction, 270; in British Ameri¬ 
ca, 271; in Europe, 279 ; royal forests, 
280; effects of the Revolution on, in 
France, 284; utility of, for the preserva¬ 
tion of smaller plants, 286, 290; do. of 
birds, 291; economic utility of, and 
necessity for its restoration, 292; ex¬ 
tent of, in Europe, 296 ; proportion in 
different countries of, 300; of the Uni¬ 
ted States and Canada, 300; economy 
of, 303; management of, in France, 
304; European forests, all of artificial 
growth, 305; artificial and natural, 
their respective advantages, 307 ; 
American do., their peculiar characteris¬ 
tics, 313 ; economic action of cattle on, 
325 ; duty of preserving, 327 ; average 
revenue from, 327 ; regulated by laws 
in France, 395. See Trees , Woods. 
Forests of North America, balance of 
geographical elements in, 27; agency 
