554 
INDEX. 
of quadrupeds and insects iu, 32; in¬ 
jury to, by insects, 33; meteorological 
importance of, 139. 
Forest laws, mediaeval, character of, 217 ; 
do. Jewish, 217; severity of, in France 
and England, 280; under Louis IX., 
281; of America, created by circum¬ 
stances, 302. 
France, forest literature and economy 
of, 217; legislation on forests, 233; 
—Southeastern, former physical state of, 
237; altered condition of, 239; royal 
forests of, and forest laws, 280; extent 
of, in, 296; ancient lakes of, 357 ; in¬ 
undations of 1856 in, 393; remedies 
against inundations in, 395; sand dunes 
of Western, 485; encroachments of the 
sea on, 494. 
French peasantry, described by La Bruy- 
ere, 6 ; do. Arthur Young, 7 ; of Cham- 
bord, 283. 
Friesland, sand dunes of, 489. 
Fucinus Lake (Lago di Celano), drainage 
of, by the Romans, 354 ; moderns, 355. 
AME LAWS, effect on the numbers of 
birds in France, 91; in England and 
Italy, 92; severity of, in France, 283; 
unable to stop poaching, 284. 
Ganges, valley of the, 548. 
Gascony, coast sands of, 453; dunes of, 
496; extent and advance of, 497; fix¬ 
ing and reclaiming of, 504; Landes of, 
511; their reclamation, 512. 
Geological influences, 13. 
Geographers, new school of, 8. 
Geographical influence of changes pro¬ 
duced by man, 352. 
Geography, modern, improved form of, 57. 
German Ocean, sands of, 454, 457. 
Germany, extent of forests in, 299. 
Glacier lakes in Switzerland, 403. 
Goat, the Cashmere or Thibet, 83. 
Gold fish, the migration from China, 116. 
Goldau, Switzerland, destruction of, 268. 
Grape disease, its economic effect in 
France, Italy, Sicily, 72. 
Grasshopper, the rapid increase in Ameri¬ 
ca, 291. 
Gravedigger beetle, the, 107. 
Greece, proposed maritime canals in, 
through the Corinthian Isthmus, 526; 
Mount Athos, 527; subterranean wa¬ 
ters of, 536. 
Gulls, sea, habits of, 98. 
Gulf stream, the, 523. 
Gunpowder chiefly used for industrial 
purposes, 335. 
H AARLEM Lake, origin and extent of, 
846, 347; reasons for draining it, 
348; means employed, 349; successful 
results, 350. 
Hauran, the productions of, its soil, 74. 
Heilbronn, springs at, 207. 
Herring fishery, produce of, 120: 
Hessian fly, introduction of in the United 
States, 104. 
Honey bee, the wild, New England, legal 
usage, 302. 
Humid air, movement of, 183. 
Hunter in New England, exploits of, 82. 
I BEX, the Alpine, 86. 
India, saline efflorescence of its soil, 
382 ; natural connection of rivers in, 
401. 
Insects, injurious to vegetable life, 33; 
utility of, 99 ; agency in the fertiliza¬ 
tion of orchids, 102; mass of their 
exuviae in South America, 102; intro¬ 
duction of injurious species, 104, 106 ; 
ravages of, 105; tenacity of life in, 
106; the carnivorous, useful to man, 
107; destruction of, by fish, 108 ; abun¬ 
dance of, in Northern Europe, 108 ; 
destruction of, by birds, 109 ; do. quad¬ 
rupeds, 110; do. reptiles, 110; do not 
multiply in the forest, 291; confine 
themselves to dead trees, 322. 
Inundations, influence of the forest on, 
223 ; of the German Ocean, 334; 
means for obviating, 384; of 1856 in 
France, 393; remedies against, 395; 
legislative regulation of the woodlands 
in France for prevention of, 396 ; pro¬ 
posed basins of reception, 398; do. in 
Peru and Spain, 400 ; Rozet’s plan for 
diminishing, 406. 
Irrigation, remote date of in ancient na¬ 
tions, 366; among Mexicans and Peru¬ 
vians, 366 ; its necessity in hot cli¬ 
mates, 367; in Europe, 367; in Pales¬ 
tine, 368; in Idumaea, 370; Egypt, 
371, 373; quantity of water so applied, 
376, 377; extent of lands irrigated, 
396 ; effects of, 378 ; on river supply, 
380; on human health, 381; saline 
deposits from, in India and Egypt, 382 ; 
effect of, on vegetable crops, 378 ; on 
the soil, 379 ; economic evils of, 379. 
Islands, floating, in Holland and South 
America, 349, 351. 
Ijssel river, Holland, 535. 
Italy, effects of the denudation of its for¬ 
ests, 220; political condition adverse 
to their preservation, 219 ; beauty of 
