INDEX. 
555 
its winter scenery, 314; extent of irri¬ 
gation in, 868 ; atmospheric phenomena 
of Northern, 368. 
J UPITER, satellites of, visible to the 
eye, 12. 
Jutland, effects of felling the woods in, 
160; destruction of forests in, 279; 
encroachments of the sea on, 491. 
K ANDER river, Switzerland, artificial 
course of, 403. 
Karst, the subterranean waters of, 536. 
Kjokkenmoddinger in Denmark, 16; 
their extent, 540. 
Kohl, J. G., “ the Herodotus of modem 
Europe,” 340; on dune sand, 475. 
I ’ ABRUGUE&RE, commune of, 208. 
J Laestadius, account of the Swedish 
Laplanders, 96. 
Lakes, draining of, by steam hydraulic en¬ 
gines, 346; natural process of filling up 
by aquatic vegetation, 349; lowering 
of, in ancient and modern times, 353 ; 
in Italy, 354 ; in Switzerland, 356; in¬ 
convenient consequences of, 356; 
mountain, their disappearance, 357. 
Landscape beauty, insensibility of the an¬ 
cients to, 2; of the oasis and the des¬ 
ert, 445. 
Lava currents, diversion of their course, 
544; from Vesuvius, phenomena of, 
545 ; heat emitted by, 645. 
Life, balance of animal and vegetable, 
103. 
Liimfjord, the, irruption of the sea into, 
491; aquatic vegetation of, 492 ; origi¬ 
nal state of, 519. 
Lion, an inhabitant of Europe, 85. 
Lisbon, earthquake of, 544. 
Locust, the, does not multiply in woods, 
296; tree and insect, 32. 
Lombardy, statistics of irrigation in, 376. 
Louis IX., of France, clemency of, 282. 
Lower Alps, department of, ravages of 
torrents in, 246. 
Lumber trade of Quebec, 271; of United 
States, 1850-’60, 301. 
Lungern, lake of, lowering of, 356. 
M ADAGASCAR, gigantic bird of, 96; 
the ai-ai of, 110. 
Madder, early cultivation of, in Europe, 20. 
Madeira, named from its forests, 129. 
Maize, early cultivation of, law of its ac¬ 
climation, 19 ; native country of, 73. 
Malta, transported soil of, 538 ; salt works 
at, 540. 
Man, reaction of, on nature, 8; insuffi¬ 
ciency of data, 9; geographical influ¬ 
ence of, 13; physical revolutions 
wrought by, 14; unpremeditated re¬ 
sults of conscious action, 15; ancient 
relics of, in old geological formations, 
16 ; mechanical effects of, on the earth’s 
surface, 25 ; destructiveness of, 35; in 
animal life and inorganic nature, 36- 
39 ; character of his action compared 
with that of brutes, 42; subversive of 
the balance of nature, 43; sometimes 
exercised for good, 44; present limits 
to, 45 ; transfer of vegetable life by, 
59; remains of, 76; contemporary 
with the mammoth, 77; agency in the 
extermination of birds, 96 ; do. intro¬ 
duction of species, 98; increase of 
insect life, 104; introduction of new 
forms of do. by, 105 ; destruction of 
fish by, 112, 120, 122; extirpation of 
aquatic animals by, 119 ; possible con¬ 
trol of minute organisms, 125 ; his first 
physical conquest, 135; his action on 
land and the waters, 330; possible 
geographical changes by, 517; inci¬ 
dental effects of his action, 539; illimit¬ 
able and ever enduring do., 548. 
Maremme of Tuscany, ancient and medi¬ 
aeval state of, 425 ; extent of, 427 ; in¬ 
habitants, 428 ; improvement of, 429 ; 
sedimenV'i’y deposits of, 425, 430. 
Marine isthmuses, cutting of, 517; its 
difficulties, 518; sometimes done by 
nature, 519. 
Marmato in Popayau, 205. 
Marshes, climatic effects of draining, 358 ; 
insalubrity of mixture of fresh and salt 
water in, 417. 
Mechanic arts, illustration of their mutu¬ 
al interdependence, 307. 
Medanos of the South American desert, 
482. 
Mediterranean Sea, tides of, 425 ; sand 
dunes of, 467; poor in organic life, 520. 
Mella, the river, Italy, 248. 
Meteorology, uncertainty and late rise of, 
16, 22; varying nomenclature of, 23; 
precipitation and evaporation, 24. 
Michigan, lake, sand dunes of, 467 ; origi¬ 
nally wooded, 487 ; proposed diversion 
of its waters, 532. 
Mining excavations, effects of, 545. 
Minute organisms, their offices, 123 ; uni¬ 
versal diffusion and products of, 124, 
127 ; possible control of their agency 
