556 
INDEX. 
by man, 125; the coral insect, 125; 
the diatomaceoe, 126. 
Miramichi, great fire of, 28. 
Mistral in France, 153. 
Mississippi river, “ cut offs ” and their ef¬ 
fect, 415 ; precipitation in the valley 
of, 436 ; projected canal to, 533. 
Mountain slides, their cause, 265, 268 ; 
their frequency in the Alps, 267. 
Mountainous countries, their liability to 
physical degradation, 50. 
Monte Testaccio, Rome, 541. 
Moose deer, the American, rapid multi¬ 
plication of, 130. 
Mushrooms, poisonous, how to render 
harmless, 286. 
’VT ATIJR AL forces, accumulation of, 46 ; 
JLi resistance to, 542. 
Nature, man’s reaction on, 8; observa¬ 
tion of, 10 ; stability of, 27, 34 ; res¬ 
toration of disturbed harmonies of, 35; 
nothing small in, 548. 
Naturalists, enthusiasm of, 99. 
Netherlands, ancient inundations of, 334 ; 
recovery of land by diking, 334 ; the 
practice derived from the Romans, 
335 ; extent of land gained from the 
sea, 336 ; do. lost by incursions of do., 
337; character of lands gained, 338; 
natural process of recovery, 339; gran¬ 
deur of the dike system of, 340; meth¬ 
od of their construction in, 341 ; modes 
of protection, 343; various uses of, 
343 ; effect on the level of the land, 
344 ; drainage of do., 345 ; primitive 
condition of, 351; effects on the social, 
moral, and economic interests of the 
people of, 351; sand dunes of, 486; 
encroachments of the sea on, 494; 
artificial dunes in, 499; protection of 
dunes in, 500; removal of do., 509. 
Nile, the river, valley of, 374 ; its ancient 
state, 375 ; inundations of, 385 ; water 
delivery of, 387; artificial mouths of, 
402; consequences of diking, 410, 
413 ; richness of its deposits, 411; ex¬ 
tent of do., 412; mud banks caused by 
its deposits, 433 ; sand dunes at its 
mouths, 468 ; conduits for irrigation, 
521; proposed diversion of, 528 ; not 
impossible, 529 ; effects of, 530 ; cera¬ 
mic banks of, 541. 
Northmen in New England, 60. 
Nubians, Nile boats of the, 17. 
Numbers, the frequent error in too defi¬ 
nite statements of, 260; oriental and 
Italian usage of, 261. 
O AK, the English, early uses in the arts, 
223; “ openings ” of North America, 
136. 
Ohio, mounds of, 18 ; remains of a prim¬ 
itive people in, 135, 138; apple trees 
of, 22. 
Old World, former populousness of, 4; 
physical decay of, 3 ; present desola¬ 
tion of, 5; its causes, 5 ; ancient cli¬ 
mate of, 19; physical restoration of, 
47. 
Olive tree, the wild, 74; importance of, 
312. 
Orange tree known to the ancients, 64; 
the wild, 74. 
Orchids, fertilization of, by insects, 102. 
Organic life embraced in modern geogra¬ 
phy, 57; its geological agency, 75; 
geographical importance of, 7 ; bones 
and relics of, human and animal, 76. 
Ostrich, the, diminution of its numbers, 
97. 
Ottaquechee river, Vermont, transporting 
power of, 253. 
Otter, the American, voracity of, 120. 
Oxen, agricultural uses of, in United 
States, 80. 
Oyster, the, transplantation of, 118. 
P ALESTINE, ancient terrace culture 
and irrigation of, 369 ; disastrous ef¬ 
fects of its neglect, 370. 
Palissy, Bernard, character of, 218 ; plan 
for artificial springs, 447. 
Paragrandini of Lombardy, 141. 
Paramelle, the Abbe, on fountains, 437. 
Teat beds, accidental burning of, 646 ; 
—mosses of Denmark, 32. 
Pecora, river of the Maremma, its depos¬ 
its, 425. 
Peru, ancient progress in the arts, 366 ; 
basins of reception in, 400. 
Petra, in Idumaea, ancient irrigation at, 
370. 
Phosphorescence of the sea unknown to 
the ancients, 114. 
Physical decay of the earth’s surface, 3; 
its causes, 5 ; arrest of, in new countries, 
48 ; forms and formations predisposing 
to, 49. 
Physical geography, study of recommend¬ 
ed, 12; restoration of the earth, 8 ; im¬ 
portance and possibility of, 26 ; of 
disturbed harmonies, 35 ; of the Old 
World, 47. 
Pine, the American, former ordinary di¬ 
mensions of, 275 ; how affected by the 
accidents of its growth, 306 ; the mari- 
