558 
INDEX. 
not noticed by ancient writers, 487; 
management of, 488; coast, sources of 
supply, 465 ; law of their formation, 
466, 471, 483 ; of the Mediterranean, 
467; of Lake Michigan, 467; of the 
Nile mouths, 468 ; of America, 469 ; 
of Western Europe, 470 ; literature of, 
471; height of, 472 ; humidity of, 473 ; 
of Cape Cod, 487; character of their 
sand, 474, 481; concretion within, 
476 ; interior structure of, 477 ; gener¬ 
al form of, 478; geological importance 
of, 479; composition of sandstone, 
481; as barriers against the sea, 489 ; 
in Western Europe, 490; extent of, 
607; of Gascony, 496 ; of Denmark, 
497; of Prussia, 497; artificial forma¬ 
tion of, in Holland, 499 ; protection of, 
500 ; by vegetation, 501 ; trees adapt¬ 
ed to, 505 ; removal of, 509. 
Sand-dune vineyard of Cap Breton, 508. 
Sand plains, mode of deposit, 464 ; con¬ 
stituent parts, 464; inland, of Europe, 
509; landesof Gascony, 511; Belgium, 
513; Eastern Europe, 513; advanta¬ 
ges of reclaiming, 515; pi'ivate and 
public enterprise, 516. 
Sand springs, 511. 
Sandal wood extirpated in Juan Fernan¬ 
dez, 130. 
Saros, projected canal of, 527. 
Sawmills, action of their machinery more 
rapid by night, 278. 
Schelk, the extirpation of, 85. 
Schleswig-Holstein, encroachments of the 
sea on, 493. 
Scientific observation, practical lessons of, 
54-56. 
Sea, the, exclusion of, by dikes, in Lin¬ 
colnshire, 333 ; encroachments of, 490; 
coast, 491; the Liimfjord, 491; Schles¬ 
wig-Holstein, 493 ; Holland, 494 ; 
France, 494. 
Sea cow, Steller’s, extirpation of, 119. 
Seal, the, in Lake Champlain, 117; vo¬ 
racity of, 120. 
Seeds, vitality of, as preserved by the 
forest, 287, 289. 
Seine river, ancient level of, 214; afflu¬ 
ents of, 435. 
Ship building of the middle ages, Venice 
and Genoa, 218. 
Siberia, ice ravine in, 158. 
Sicily, stone weapons found in, 18 ; sul¬ 
phur mines of, 72 ; olive oil crop of, 
312. 
Silkworm, introduction in South America, 
105. 
Sinai, Mt., rain torrent at, 441; produc¬ 
tion of sand in peninsula of, 454; gar¬ 
den of monastery at, 537. 
Snakes, destructive to insects, 110; te¬ 
nacity of species, 111; number of, in 
Palestine and Egypt, 111. 
Snow, action of the woods on, 211 ; ex¬ 
periments on, 212. 
Soils, amount of thermoscopic action on 
various, 144; mechanical effects of 
shaking in the Netherlands, 344 ; effect 
of frost on, in United States, 344. 
Solar heat, economic employment of, 47. 
Solitary, the, extirpation of, 95. 
Sound, transmission of, in still air, 165. 
Springs, artificial, proposed by Palissy, 
447; by Babinet, 448. 
Spain, neglect of forest culture in, 279. 
Squirrel, the, destructiveness of, in for¬ 
ests, 34 ; of Boston, 121. 
St. Helena, flora of, 65 ; destruction of 
its forests, 130. 
Staffordshire, phenomena of vegetation 
in, 288. 
Starlings, habits of, in Piedmont, 111. 
Stork, the, geographical range of, 93 ; an¬ 
ecdote of a, 99. 
Subterranean waters, their origin, 434; 
sources of supply, 435 ; reservoirs and 
currents of, 438 ; diffusion of, in the 
soil, 439; importance, 440; of the 
Karst, 535 ; of Greece, 536. 
Suez canal, the, danger from sand drifts, 
461 ; effect on the Mediterranean and 
Red Sea basins, 520. 
Sugar cane, culture of, 62. 
Sugar-maple tree, produce of, 169. 
Summer dikes of Holland, 342. 
Sunflowers, effect of plantations of, 154. 
Swallow, the, popular superstitions re¬ 
specting, 418. 
Switzerland, ancient lacustrine habitations 
of, 16, 70, 83. 
Sylt Island, sand dunes of, 474; en¬ 
croachments of the sea on, 493. 
Sylviculture, best manuals of practice of, 
304 ; when and how profitable, 305 ; 
its methods, 315 ; the treatment, 
315; the futaie do., 317 ; beneficial ef¬ 
fects of irrigation, 319; exclusion of 
animals, 321; removal of leaves, &c., 
322 ; topping and trimming, 324. 
T AGUATAGA Lake, Chili, 355. 
Tea plant, the, cultivated in America, 
62. 
Temperature, general law of, 52. 
Teredo, the general diffusion of, 107. 
