INDEX. 
559 
Termite, or white ant, ravages of, 107. 
Teverone, cascade of, Tivoli, 402. 
Timber, general superiority of cultivated, 
305 ; slow decay of, in forest, 322. 
Tobacco an American plant, 63; intro¬ 
duction in Hungary, 67. 
Tocat, Asia Minor, oak woods of, 186. 
Tomato, the, introduction to New Eng¬ 
land, 19. 
Torricelli, successful plan for draining the 
Val di Chiana, 421. 
Torrents, destructive action of, 231; 
means of prevention, 233 ; ravages of, 
in Southeastern France, 237; Pro¬ 
vence, 239 ; Upper Alps, 240; Lower 
Alps, 246; action of, in elevating the 
beds of mainland streams, 249; in ex¬ 
cavating ravines, 250; transporting 
power of, 251 ; signs of, extinguished, 
263 ; crushing force of, 392. 
Trees, as organisms, specific temperature 
of, 156; moisture given out by, 158; 
total influence on temperature, 159; 
absorption of water by, 166; flow of 
sap, 169; absorption of moisture by 
foliage of, 172; exhalation of do., 174; 
consequent refrigeration, 175; amount 
of ligneous products of, 173; protec¬ 
tion against avalanches afforded by, 
269; power of resisting the action of 
fire, 273 ; American forest trees, 274; 
their dimensions, 275 ; change in rela¬ 
tive proportions of height and diameter, 
276; comparative longevity of, 277; 
European and American compared, 
308; species more numerous in Ameri¬ 
ca, 309; Spenser’s catalogue of, 308 ; 
interchange of European and American 
species, 310; species of Southern Eu¬ 
rope and their extent, 312; natural or¬ 
der of succession in, 323. See Forest, 
Woods. 
Trieste, proposed supply of water to, 
536. 
Trout, the American, 115, 117, 121. 
Tuscany, rivers of, their deposits, 414 ; 
physical restoration in, 416; improve¬ 
ments in Val di Chiana, 417; do. in 
the Maremma, 424. 
Tyrolese rivers, elevation of their beds, 
249. 
U BATE, lakes of, New Granada, 204. 
Undulation of water, 456. 
United States, foreign plants grown in, 
61; weight of annual harvest in, 62 ; 
number of quadrupeds in, 79; of birds, 
86; effect of felling woods on its cli¬ 
mate, 180; forests of, 300; instability 
of life in, 328. 
Upper Alps, department of, ravages of 
torrents in, 240. 
Urus, or auerochs, domesticated by man, 
83; extirpation of, 85. 
Y AL de Lys, evidence of glacier action 
in, 252. 
Vegetable life, transfer by man’s action, 
59. 
Velino, cascade of, Tivoli, 402. 
Vesuvius, vegetation on, 131; eruption 
of February, 1851, 544. 
Volcanic action, resistance to, 544 ; mat¬ 
ter, vegetation in, 131. 
Volga river, proposed diversion of, 531. 
W ALCHEREN, formation of the island, 
340. 
Wallenstadt, lake of, 534. 
Walnut tree, consumption of, for gun 
stocks, 296; oil yielded by, 310. 
Ward’s cases for plants, 175. 
Waste products, utilization of, 37. 
Weeds common to Old and New World, 
66; extirpated in China, &c., 71. 
Whale, the, food of, 113; destruction of, 
114. 
Whale fishery, date of its commencement 
unknown, 112; in the middle ages, 
112; American, 113. 
Wheat, its asserted origin, 73; introduc¬ 
tion to 4 T nerica, 74. 
Wild animals, number of, 84. 
Wild organisms, vegetable and animal, 
tenacity of life in, 69. 
Willow, the weeping, introduction in Eu¬ 
rope, 64. 
Wolf, increase of the, 84; prevalence in 
forests of France, 296. 
Wolf Spring, Soubey, 206. 
Wood, increased demand for, 293; ship 
building, railroads, &c., 294; market 
price of, 294; replaced by iron in the 
arts, 295; means of increasing its dura¬ 
bility, 295; how affected by rapid 
growth, 306; facilities for working, 
307. 
Woods, habitable earth originally covered 
by, 128; conditions of their propaga¬ 
tion, 131; destructive agency of man 
and domestic animals, 132; do not 
furnish food for man, 133; first remov¬ 
al of, 134 ; burning of, 136 ; in Sweden 
and France, 137; effect on the soil, 
138; destruction of, its effect, 139; 
electrical influence of, 140; chemical 
