WITH THE TURKS, 
503 
officers were serving with the Turkish army during the war; if this 
was the case, I can only say that I did not see any of them to my 
knowledge. 
The organisation of the army before the war and its rapid concen¬ 
tration on the frontier were no doubt partly due to the system 
introduced by Yon der Goltz Pasha, who, I believe, returned to 
Germany some time 1 before the war broke out; and the training of 
the artillery to Grumbkoff Pasha, who was not, however, allowed to 
accompany it in the field. 
A large number of officers had visited France and Germany for 
instruction in military matters and many others had learnt French 
and German at the military schools of Constantinople and no doubt, 
at the same time, studied modern tactics in those languages. 
i Nearly two years. 
