A MANUAL 
FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN 
Part I. Land Surveying 
Surveying in forest land as compared with work done in 
towns and on farms is carried out under unfavorable cir¬ 
cumstances. In the first place, timber and brush growth 
offer an obstruction to sighting; second, the work is often 
done far from a well supplied base; third, the limits of 
cost allowed are often the lowest practicable. These con¬ 
ditions have a strong effect upon the methods employed, 
and they also affect the choice of outfit. Equipment for 
such work should not usually be expensive, it should be 
as compact and portable as possible, and it should not 
be so delicate or so complicated as to be likely to get 
seriously out of order and so hold up a job. 
SECTION I 
THE SURVEYOR’S COMPASS 
Compass and Chain are the instruments that at present 
are most largely employed in forest land surveying, and 
there is little doubt that they will continue to be so em¬ 
ployed. The compass is one of the mainstays of the 
practical woodsman. He should thoroughly understand 
its capacities and limitations, and should have perfect 
command of all parts of his own particular instrument. 
1. The Instrument 
The essential parts of the surveyor’s compass are a 
magnetic needle for finding a meridian line, a horizontal 
graduated circle for laying off.angles from this meridian, 
and sights attached for use in prolonging lines on the 
ground. 
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