UNITED STATES PUBLIC LAND SURVEYS 67 
fication of section corners. They are placed on the south 
and east angles of the posts, one for each mile to the town¬ 
ship boundary in the given direction. Quarter corners are 
not notched; township corners are cut six times on each 
face or angle. 
Equally serviceable are the bearing trees. These are 
blazed rather close to the ground so that the stump can 
be identified if the tree is cut down. The blazes face the 
corner, and that on each tree at township or section corners 
is plainly scribed with the township number and range and 
that of the section in which it stands. Thus, T 10 S R 
G E S 24 B T (B T for bearing tree). 
There are several exceptions to the system of rectan¬ 
gular surveying and the regular scheme of monuments 
resulting therefrom, which it is necessary for the woodsman 
to understand. 
1. Toivnsliip and Section Corners on Standard Parallels . 
It will be noted after careful reading of the above that 
township or section corners are common to four townships 
or sections, with the exception of those on the standard 
parallels which are four townships apart. Here the corners 
for the townships north of the parallel are not the same as 
for those south, but are further from the principal me¬ 
ridian. The former are called “standard corners” and are 
marked S C in addition to other marks placed on them for 
their identification. In a similar way the corners relating 
to land subdivisions lying south of the parallel are marked 
C C, “closing corner.” This last term is also applied in 
other connections, as when a rectangular survey closes on 
the boundary of a state, a reservation, of a previous land 
claim, while occasions for its application have often been 
found in connection with errors or departures from instruc¬ 
tions in the system of surveying. 
2. Meander Lines and Corners. 
Ownership of considerable streams or lakes, with the 
exception of certain “riparian rights,” is not conveyed 
with a land title, the legal limit being high-water mark, or 
the line at which continuous vegetation ends and the sandy 
