METHODS OF MAP MAKING 
117 
fore, save time and money if the interior features can be 
tied to them. 
3. Topographic maps of forest property should be 
especially clear in respect to road lines and other points of 
importance in lumbering operations. The map-maker 
should, therefore, understand these operations. It will, 
also, save time and money if topography and timber can 
be examined together, at the same time, and by the same 
man. 
With these principles in view, the following are methods 
recommended for the production of forest maps. It is 
well in discussion of the matter to divide the work into 
two classes — that on small tracts, where close work is 
required, and that on larger tracts, where different methods 
must be employed and a lower standard of accuracy may 
be allowed. 
2. Mapping Small Tracts 
A tract of eighty-nine acres, well timbered and of strong 
relief, that was surveyed by the class of 1907 in the Harvard 
School of Forestry will serve as illustration. The following 
steps were taken in the process. 
1. Boundaries surveyed by compass and chain; marked 
stakes left every twenty rods; bounding lines and corners 
remarked. Two days’ work for three men, more if there is 
special difficulty with the old boundaries. 
2. Elevation of one convenient point ascertained or 
assumed, and levels run over the roads crossing the tract, 
leaving bench marks plainly marked every twenty rods or 
so. Levels, also, run down to point x. (See page 119.) 
One half day’s work for two men. 
3. Outlines of tract plotted to scale on paper; this 
pinned on traverse board with meridian of survey parallel 
to N and S edge of board; roads run in with the chain and 
position of bench marks taken. One half day’s work for 
three men. 
4. Sheet on the board without the tripod taken into the 
field, a scale serving for alidade; detail mapped in by 
short foot traverses from the known points; elevations got 
partly by aneroid, partly by hand level. One day’s work 
