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The following is M. Broca’s method of indicating the racial 
position of mongrels or mestizos :— 
Pure Paces.. 
First Cross. 
First Return Cross' 
(Quadroon) . 
Second Return Cross' 
(Octoroon) . 
Third Return Cross... 
Return to pure race 
• and B 
AB 
A 1 2 B or B 2 A 
A 3 B or B 3 A 
A 4 * * * 8 B or B 4 A 
/ v 
or B 
[(Mulatto). 
Mestizo of first blood 
Do. of second blood. 
Do. of third blood. 
Do. of fourth blood. 
The offspring of an octoroon and a mulatto, for example, 
would be designated thus, A 3 B+AB; and the same principle 
would be applied to cases where three races were crossed. 
Another and a simpler, and perhaps preferable, method, con¬ 
sists in indicating the shares of the several races by fractions. 
Thus the result of a union between a quadroon and a zambo 
(half negro, half Indian) would be represented thus, Af B| Cf, 
a quadroon being AfBJ, a zambo BJ CJ. 
1. Are connexions between the races under consideration 
likely to be frequent ? 2. Is the mulatto or mongrel population 
numerous in proportion to the supposed number of unions P 
3. Are individuals of the two races more or less fruitful in their 
unions among themselves than in crossed unions ? (The Poly¬ 
nesians are said to be less so, the Australians much more so; but 
the latter, probably, usually destroy the mulatto infants.) 4. Are 
inverse crosses (male of inferior with female of superior race) 
equally fruitful with direct ones ? 5. Are the children of the 
first cross as strong, viable, and long-lived as those of pure blood 
in the same country ? and do they yield as few examples of 
blindness, idiocy, &c. ? 6. What is the relative degree of their 
fruitfulness among themselves and in their crosses with the 
pure blood P 7. I)o they continue fruitful among themselves, 
without being reinforced with crosses of pure blood ? The 
Liplappens (Dutch-Javan mestizos) are said in the third 
generation to yield only females, and these sterile ; but the 
pure Dutch race is also said to become speedily sterile in Java. 
8. Do the products of the first cross resemble most the male or 
the female parent ? and is there any difference between those of 
the direct and of the inverse cross? 9. How many return 
crosses restore apparent purity of blood ? and what characterise 
