37 
•resent language? if so, is it known to what language they 
•elong and what they signify ? 
5. What are the names given to 
a. Men ? 
b. Women ? 
c. Families ? 
d. Tribes ? 
e. Animals? 
/. Gods ? 
g. Towns ? 
k. Rivers ? 
i. Wells or Springs ? 
h. Hills? 
/. Rocks ? 
m. Mounds? 
n. Caves ? 
o. Ruins ? 
p. Islands ? 
q. Tombs? 
No. XXL—ASTRONOMY. 
By F. GALTON, Esq., F.R.S. 
Divisions of the Year .—There are two celestial phenomena 
by which they may be effected:—(1) The solar method, by 
noting the group of stars which rise just before the sun, or 
set just after him and in his immediate neighbourhood; this 
suffices to fix the time to within 10 days. (2) The lunar method, 
by counting the number of new moons and reckoning the odd 
parts of the first and last lunation; this may suffice to fix the 
time even to a day ; but the lunar year of 13 complete months 
is not of the same length as the solar year, to which the seasons 
conform; and therefore each method has an advantage and a 
disadvantage, and the two cannot be used together except by 
some clumsy compromise. 1. Inquire into the plan used for 
dividing the year, as regards (a) seasons and crops, (b) sun, 
(c) moon. 2. Is the difficulty of combining solar and lunar years 
recognized ? 3. If so, is it met or avoided, and how ? 4. Are 
there names for the phases of each lunation ? and for how many 
phases ? 
Division of the Day .-—There is a difficulty in using the height 
of the sun as a means to divide the day, because at the same 
hour it stands at different heights at different periods of the 
year, whether the hour be reckoned from midday or from sunrise 
or sunset. The difference of its bearing at sunset and sunrise is 
always considerable, but greatest within the polar circles, where it 
varies the whole way from N. to S. Near midsummer it momen- 
