38 
tarily dips below the horizon towards the pole, and near midwinter 
it momentarily emerges above the horizon, opposite to the pole, 
5. Is the fact of the variation of the sun’s position at the same 
hour known and regarded when using it to divide time or to 
steer courses ? 6. Is the property of the sundial known P 
viz. that the shadow of a fixed rod sloping towards the pole, 
always falls in the same direction at the same hour all the year 
through. 7. How is the day divided, by the position of sun or 
the length or direction of its shadow ? 8. How as regards other 
means of division of the day ? 9. Of short periods of time, as 
a walk two u pipes ” (tobacco-smoking) long ? 10. Are there 
names for any of the points of the compass ? are these derived 
from prevalent winds, or from what ? 
Steering Courses by Sun and Stars .—For sun see last Par. 
The same star (not planet) has always the same bearing at 
the same altitude; but the bearing of the star, unless it be near 
one of the poles of the sky, changes considerably during the 
night, and its position in the sky differs at the same hour on 
different nights. To a traveller in equatorial regions, the equa¬ 
torial stars, as Orion, are always either E. or W. of him unless 
exactly over his head. 11. When courses are steered by the 
stars, are these facts recognized ? and how are they met ? 
No. XXII.—ARITHMETIC. 
By E. B. TYLOR, Esq., F.R.S. 
The use of fingers and toes in counting, as well as of pebbles, 
sticks, &c., should be carefully noticed ; also cases in which the 
numerals of the language only extend to a very low limit—for 
instance, not beyond 3 or 5. All examples which illustrate 
the formation of numerals by words describing the act of count¬ 
ing fingers and toes should be carefully sought; for example, 
the appearance of words meaning “hand ” for 5, a man ” for 20. 
Compound numerals capable of being analyzed into the con¬ 
stituent numbers should be sought for, such as a word for 7, 
meaning five-two. The numeration should be examined to 
show how it turns on reckoning by fives, tens, and twenties, 
which are the almost universal systems of the world, derived 
from the primitive practice of counting on the fingers. It 
