60 
No. XXXII.—MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT. 
By E. B. TYLOR, Esq., F.R.S. 
Ma<jic includes the results of two principles. On the one 
hand it may seek the aid of spiritual beings, in which case its 
theory forms part of that of religion$ on the other hand it deals 
in sympathetic and symbolic hurts and cures, discoveries and 
communications, supposed to take place by the way of cause 
and effect, so that it is here a misdevelopment of natural philo¬ 
sophy. In all cases it is desirable to describe not only the 
magical method used, but its supposed motive and action. 
1. Are magic arts held lawful or unlawful ? or is there both a 
e( black magic ” and a u white magic ” P 2. Are they practised 
among the people at large ? or is the craft set apart to special 
sorcerers, witches, &c. ? 3. Are these priests, or connected with 
religion ? or is there jealousy or hostility between the priest and 
the sorcerer ? 4. What manner of people are the magicians ? 
what lives do they lead ? do they follow useful occupations, as 
rude herbalists or surgeons, &c. ? 5. Are they largely rewarded, 
applied to in times of calamity ? and is it usual for the mob to 
fall on them in times of misfortune, so that they seldom die a 
natural death ? 
6. Are spirits or demons called on to give oracles, disclose 
secrets, do good or harm ? 7. Are they propitiated or influenced 
by sacrifices, prayers, charms, symbolic rites, &c. ? 8. Have 
magicians the aid of familiar spirits ? 9. Do they associate 
these with particular objects or fetishes, such as images, pictures, 
odd stones, or bits of wood, claws, seeds, and other things ? 
10. Are objects regarded as possessed or influenced by spirits 
to give magical omens, discover thieves, &c. ? 11. Are drums, 
rattles, &c. used in such incantations ? 12. Are particular 
songs or charms connected with these rites known ? 
13. Are dreams regarded ? Do they give information of the 
past, and prophecy or omens for the future ? 14. How are 
dreams interpreted ? are they direct visits or communications 
from spirits P are their scenes taken symbolically—as when to 
dream of a knife or blood is an omen of war ? do they ever go 
by contraries ? 15. Are dreams sought by fasting, narcotics, 
