105 
10. The dolichocephalic , or long skulls (fig 1 . 2), in which the 
breadth is less than 800 to 1000—sometimes not exceeding 620, 
or even less. 
11. In looking at a skull, therefore, or a collection of skulls 
rather, it will be necessary to note ( a ) to which of the two classes 
above given it, or the average of the collection, belongs; (b) 
whether the skull is symmetrical with evenly curved contours 
or unsymmetrical, and in what direction, and whether the sur¬ 
face is in any part unnaturally flattened. 
B. Deformations of the features of the face usually involve the 
nose, cheeks, lips, and ears. 
12. It is a custom among many savage tribes to flatten the nose, 
which is done either by continued pressure, or by such violence 
as to force in the bridge whilst the tissues are yet soft and car¬ 
tilaginous. In some cases, however, attempts are made to im¬ 
prove the countenance by pinching the nose so as to give it 
greater prominence than it would otherwise have. A common 
practice also among some tribes is to perforate either the carti¬ 
laginous septum alone of the nose or the entire organ, inserting 
bars or rings of wood or metal and even of stone. Incisions 
and other mutilations are practised so as to alter the shape of 
the nose. 
13. The cheeks are sometimes perforated, the holes being oc¬ 
cupied by articles of wood, bone, or metal. 
14. In Africa, more especially, great pains are taken to produce 
hideous deformity of the lips, either upper or lower or both, by 
perforating them and wearing ornaments in the holes, sometimes 
of very great size. 
15. In a similar manner the ears are perforated and made to 
