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methods by which colour is applied:—(A) dyeing, when the 
colouring-matter is used in a state of solution, and penetrates 
the pores of the object to be dyed ; and (B) painting, when the 
pigment is mixed with some medium or vehicle to fix it when 
dry, and is applied to a part or the whole of the object to be 
painted by means of some kind of brush. 
Dyeing is usually practised in connexion with animal and 
vegetable fibre and tissue, such as leather, thread, and cloth ; 
but sometimes also the process is applied to wood and bone. 
Painting is more commonly applied to wooden objects. Both 
processes are occasionally employed with the object of rendering 
the human form either more terrible or more beautiful. 
Dyes. —1. From what substances are these prepared? and 
how are they applied ? (If possible procure specimens of the 
materials used, and an account of the method of preparation.) 
2. What are the articles usually dyed—skins with the hair on, 
leather, twine, cloth, &c. ? 3. Is any mordant or solution used, 
either to prepare the object for receiving the dye, or for ren¬ 
dering it permanent after it has been applied ? 4. What are the 
favourite colours ? (Their arrangement and proportions will come 
under No. LXXIII. Ornamentation.) 5. Are any portions 
of the human body dyed, such as the teeth, nails, hair, or skin ? 
Fainting. —6. What are the principal pigments used, and 
how prepared ? (Obtain specimens if possible.) 7. In what 
manner are they ground or precipitated? and what is the medium 
employed to fix them ? 8. Is any subsequent process of var¬ 
nishing or lacquering employed ? and if so, how is the varnish 
made? 9. What are the objects usually painted? and what 
kind of brushes are used ? 10. What colours are most in vogue ? 
and are they transparent, like dyes, or opaque, like body- 
colours? 11. Is any process allied to gilding known? 12. In 
painting patterns, in what order are the colours applied ? and is 
the outline first painted and the colours subsequently filled in ? 
or is the pattern roughly sketched in the first instance, and the 
outline completed as the final process ? 13. Are any mechanical 
means, such as compasses or stencilling-plates, used ? or any 
printing process ? 14. Is paint employed on the human body or 
hair ? and if so, on what occasions, and in what manner is it 
applied ? 15. What are the colours used for these purposes ? 
and with what ingredients are they mixed? 16. Is any colour 
regarded as especially sacred, and reserved for sacred purposes ? 
17. Are any earthen vessels painted after being burnt? (See 
No. LXXX. Pottery.) 
