123 
81. Note any of the foregoing that are not known, or any 
that are omitted here, and give the varieties of each. 
32. What combinations of colours are used? are tertiaries 
(citrine, russet, olive), secondaries (orange, purple, green), or 
only primaries (yellow, red, and blue) employed P and in what 
proportions P 33. Are white, black, or neutral grounds used P 
34. Is colour used to assist light and shade ? 35. What is their 
idea of contrast, proportion, and harmony ? 36. Are the details 
of ornamentation subordinate to the general forms and out¬ 
lines ? 37. Are conventionalized representations of flowers, 
trees, and branches employed ? 38. Do the lines and curves 
radiate from a parent stem? 39. Are the junctions of lines 
and curves tangential to one another ? 40. What is the effect 
aimed at in the ornamentation ? 41. What objects are orna¬ 
mented—houses, weapons, clothes, furniture, &c. ? 42. Is fili¬ 
gree work used ? 43. Is enamelling known ? if so, describe the 
process. 
No. LXXIV.—MACHINERY. 
By JOHN EVANS, Esq., E.E.S. 
The use of machinery, even in its simplest form and moved by 
manual power, may be regarded as a sign that the people employ¬ 
ing it have already emerged from the lowest stages of civilization. 
The transition, for instance, from the use of a pair of rubbing- 
stones or u saddle-quern ” to that of a pair of millstones, one of 
which revolves and is driven by hand (the ordinary quern), is a 
great step in advance$ but machinery can hardly be said to 
have been thoroughly introduced into a country until some of 
the forces of Nature, such as those of wind and water, have been 
utilized as motive power. The windlass, the common pump, the 
potter’s wheel (LXXX.), the revolving hand-mill, the spinning- 
wheel (LXXVIIL), the turning-lathe, and some forms of looms 
(LXXIX.) may, however, be regarded as machines, as they are 
mechanical means of economizing human labour. 
The earliest and simplest application of hydraulic power ap¬ 
pears to have been for purposes of irrigation, and in some coun¬ 
tries the use of water-power appears to be almost restricted to 
this purpose. The following questions are suggested:— 
1. Are revolving millstones in use ? if so, describe their form, 
