128 
if they had been woven. Felting, or the formation of cloth by 
the entanglement of short fibres crossing each other in every 
direction, is another process closely allied to weaving. Coloured 
figures and patterns on cloth may be produced in various ways, 
either by dyeing portions of both warp and weft of different 
colours, or by using coloured portions in one of them only; or 
the tissue may be completed and subsequently printed. The 
bark-cloth made in Fiji and Tonga is ornamented in this last man¬ 
ner, and is itself a tissue which is neither woven, plaited, nor 
felted, but consists of the inner bark of the malo-tree dexterously 
manipulated and beaten. The bast which is used for matting 
affords an instance of a somewhat similar application of the 
inner bark of a tree: the outer bark, like the birch-bark so 
largely employed in North America, is usually employed for 
stiff and not flexible articles. 
Another method of ornamenting is by embroidery, or working 
patterns on a fabric by means of the needle. Looped fabrics 
knitted from a continuous thread, and knotted fabrics made by 
tying strings together, may be regarded as varieties of woven 
fabrics. 
The following questions may be of service :—- 
1. What are the principal materials used for weaving ? and 
how prepared P (LXXVIII.) 2. What is the form of loom or 
other appliance for weaving ? 3. What kind of shuttle is used? 
and in what manner is the weft beaten up ? 4. In what man- 
ner is the warp kept in a state of tension ? 5. What is the size 
of the largest webs that can be produced ? 6. Is the weaving 
plain, or are patterns woven in the cloth ? if so, of what 
character are they ? and how produced ? 7. Is any process of 
felting known ? and how is it applied P 8. Is any kind of bark- 
cloth manufactured ? if so, describe the process and the mode 
of ornamentation. 9. Are any tissues or kinds of leather or 
bark ornamented by embroidery ? if so, with what materials, 
and with what kinds of pattern ? 10. Is any process of knitting 
known ? 11. Are plaited fringes or other articles of personal 
clothing or ornament manufactured from cord or strips of 
leather ? 
