134 
No. LXXXVL—MEMORIAL STRUCTURES. 
1. Are there other memorial structures apart from those erected 
over the dead ? if so, what is their character P 2. Are stones 
erected in honour of the dead, apart from those over their graves P 
3. Are such monuments ever erected to the living ? 4. Am 
they pat up to commemorate battles, murders, accidents, or 
other historical events? 5. To record journeys, discoveries, or 
conquests ? 6. In honour of, or to propitiate, deities ? or to 
commemorate religious festivals, miracles, or other events con¬ 
nected with religion P 7. Are large conical mounds or cairns 
ever erected for these or similar purposes ? 8. Are any objects 
buried in such mounds, apart from human remains ? 9. Any 
figures cut in the turf, upon the sides of hills, such as figures 
of men and animals ? 10. Any mounds in the form of saurians, 
snakes, or other animals? and what do they signify ? 11. Am 
any objects buried in the foundations of buildings or beneath 
landmarks ? 
No. LXXXVXL—ENGINEERING, 
By JOHN EVANS, Esq., E.R.S. 
In most countries, even those now highly civilized, there are 
earthworks of various kinds belonging to some prehistoric period^ 
and of which, in many instances, the purpose and method of for¬ 
mation are unknown; observations of similar works of more 
recent construction in other countries may perhaps throw some 
light upon the history of the more ancient examples. 
The prevention of floods by means of levees thrown up along 
the banks of rivers, the construction of artificial islands to serve 
as places of retreat or safety, the damming up of streams so as to 
form lakes, the formation of artificial channels either for irriga¬ 
tion or for communication by means of boats, the throwing up 
earthworks and making palisades for protection in time of war 
or for hunting-purposes (XLIII.), the construction of bridges 
(LVIIL), all require a certain amount of engineering skill, and 
the processes employed are all worthy of study. 
