APPENDIX. 
473 
The following are examples: — ao , there, at a short distance; eo , 
there, nearer at hand; io , close by, this one; itsy, this, or there; 
ity, this; iny, that; itikitra , this, in this place; iretsy , those ; 
irery, those within sight, but more distant than iretsy; irony, 
these; izato , this one; ireroa , those yonder. Besides these, there 
are relative pronouns — izay and izany , both meaning that, or 
which ; also interrogative pronouns — iza , zovy , who, which; 
inona, what; nahoana , why; dkory , how, &c. 
Amongst the verbs, there is one substantive verb misy , signify¬ 
ing there is, or there are; and there are three others which are 
used as auxiliaries,—viz., mety , mahay , and mahazo. Mety signi¬ 
fies right, fit, lawful. Mahay signifies knowledge, skill, ability. 
Mahazo signifies to get, to obtain—physical ability. 
The moods of the verbs are the indicative and the imperative; 
the subjunctive and potential being formed of the indicative, 
with parts of the auxiliary verb. The tenses are past, present, 
and future. Additional tenses expressive of more definite time 
than past and future are formed by certain particles and parts of 
the substantive verb. The tenses are formed by the change of 
the initial letters and auxiliary particles. 
The roots of the verbs are usually of a participial nature; some 
of these are also nouns. The nouns are used with the article ny 
prefixed. These roots are used as verbs by the addition of forma- 
tives, among which are the following prefixing the word voa (ua 
in Polynesian), which signifies done, completed by some external 
agent, not by any internal process. By adding ena , ina , ana , 
or aina, and sometimes vina, to the root, the signification is parti¬ 
cipial. By prefixing mi to the root, also by prefixing mampi to 
the root, this expresses the cause; and farther, by prefixing 
mifampi, which signifies reciprocity of cause, as, — 
misotro I drink 
mampisotro I cause another to drink 
mifampisotro they cause one another to drink. 
There are a number of other forms of verbs. The subjoined 
paradigm of a regular verb will convey some idea of the precision 
and extent to which a single root can be used. 
