8 
DANAINAL 
Danais (Caduga) melaneus, Cramer. 
A very scarce insect here, and not very liable to be mistaken for D. sita even 
on the wing, since the almost black hindwings show plainly, whereas those of D. sita appear 
very distinctly red, especially in flight ; otherwise the two sp. are almost identical in marking, 
and are alike in habits. 
Fig. 2, PI. i is from a $ taken in March. The £ is similar, but has a scent-sac at the 
anal angle of the hindwing. 
Danais (Tirumala) limniacse, Cram. 
Fairly common, and has rather a strong flight, but easily mistaken on the wing for 
D. similis , though the latter has a decided reddish tinge on the underside of the hindwings. It 
prefers woodland, is fond of flowers, and may be found almost throughout the year, though most 
abundant in autumn. Like very many of the butterflies here it is much attached to the flowers of 
Lantana Camara , L, a naturalised S. American shrub bearing closely-packed pink and orange 
blossoms, flowering throughout the year. It seems to spread rapidly and is now found over most 
of Kwangtung. 
Fig. 3, PI. I is from a ? taken in May; the hindwing (underside) figured separately on 
the same plate is that of a showing the scent-sac, in this and the following sp. largely developed. 
Otherwise $ and $ are alike. 
The larva, according to Forsayth (Life-History of Lepidoptera observed in Central India) 
is of a pale yellowish green, ribbed with black transverse lines; black markings on the head. Two 
tentacles on the third seg. and two on the twelfth seg. It feeds on a creeper, probably a Cocculus. 
Pupa, green with patches of gold. 
Danais (Tirumala) septentrionis, Butler. 
Also fairly common and apt to be confused with D. Limniacce , though septentrionis 
is usually larger and the bluish markings much deeper in tint. The spots and markings on 
septentrionis are smaller and narrower, giving a larger expanse of black, but they are identical in 
number and approximately in the same position as in D. limniacce. Both sp. vary in the shape 
of the spots and markings. This butterfly seems to occur chiefly from May to December, and 
has the same habits as the foregoing sp. 
Fig. 4, PI. i is from a $ taken in June. The underside is like D. limniacce. The 
sexes are alike, except that the $ has a scent-sac on the hindwing similar to D. limniacce. 
Danais (Parantica) melanoides, Moore. 
Apparently very scarce, in fact I have only recently taken this sp. at Macao, and had to 
figure it on a subsequent plate. It seems rather weak on the wing, and might readily be mistaken 
for D. similis , but the bluish spots and markings are much paler, almost white. When in fresh 
