PAPILIONIN^. 
109 
taken in May ; in some specimens the large marginal black spots ringed with red of the hindwing 
are very bright and distinct : in others only the two anal markings are present, the rest of the spots 
being indicated by a few red scales, or merely by dark and light shades of the ground-colour. 
The upperside is uniform blue-black, irrorated with whitish or pale gray, in bands following the 
neuration of the wing. The extreme base of the disc, cell of the forewing is, however, marked 
with red on the upperside, much like the under surface, but of less extent. 
Egg, globular, slightly flattened on the underside, yellowish ; laid on the upperside of 
leaves of the foodplants of the larva. 
Larva, figured on PI. 4a, Fig. 1, pupa Fig. 2. Just hatched the larva is dark brown, with 
several delicate white processes, longest on the anterior and last segments ; white dorsal patches on 
the anterior, middle and posterior segs., so that when newly-hatched the larva appears chiefly white. 
When half-grown it becomes green, smeared with white on the sides, and with four small yellowish 
processes, two on the second seg., two on the last segment. The whole larva is then very shiny, 
as if wet or varnished. It feeds on various species of Aurantiacece —orange, pumelo and especially 
the whampi, Clansena wampi , Oliv. The eggs laid in November or beginning of the dry season 
hatch in about six days, the larvae pupate about the middle of December, and the butterflies emerge 
as a rule in the early part of April. 
As is the case with other Papilio pupae, that of P. mentnon is sometimes green instead 
of brown, with two triangular dorsal patches, forming one large lozenge-shaped abdominal patch of 
a bright yellow-green. Whilst pupation is proceeding the projections formed by the cleft of the 
head are quite distinct and apart and only curve inwards and meet in a loop or ring just as pupation 
is completed. The nuchal horn of the larva is dark red, the tips semi-transparent. 
Papilio protenor, Cram. 
Usually not nearly so common as the preceding insect, yet some years it occurs in large 
numbers, especially in the autumn. The $ seems much more numerous than the $. This 
butterfly is rather slower in flight than P. tnemnon , and spends more time at flowers, but it 
frequents wooded and shady localities like the former species. There is much variation in size in 
both sexes. 
Fig. 7, PI. X is from a rather small $ taken in April, but it often measures upwards of 
five inches over the forewings. Fig. 8 of the same plate is the upperside of the hindwing only, 
from a $ taken in October. The underside of the hindwing is very similar to that of the $, whilst 
the forewing is on both sides like that of the ?. 
Papilio helenus, Linn. 
A very common species, with a powerful and wandering flight, and one of the few 
Papilionince which may sometimes be seen during February and December, and very rarely in 
January. It varies much in dimensions, some of the females attaining a large size, four and three- 
quarters or nearly five inches over the forewings. The sexes are almost identical in colour and 
marking. 
