150 
APPENDIX. 
Cupha erymanthis. 
Commander Walker, in his “ List of Hongkong Butterflies,” states that both larva 
and pupa of this insect were so much infested with Ichneumons and Dipterous parasites that 
he never succeeded in rearing the butterfly. It is very likely that attacks of parasites account in 
great measure for the periodic scarcity of Cupha erymanthis and other butterflies mentioned at 
p. 56. Probably the eggs also are much parasitised ; indeed, from the observations of several years 
I conclude that butterfly mortality is greater in the egg than in any succeeding stage, though there 
is much destruction amongst larvae and pupae. During December of this year (1906) the young 
fir-trees over a wide area at a place near Chin-san, Macao, were ravaged by caterpillars of a moth, 
Metanestria (Eutricha) punctata , many of which were still feeding on the trees, but thousands 
had already spun their cocoons in the fir-needles which they drew up together with silk into a 
bundle. Mr. F. Muir and I gathered 1,240 cocoons from widely-separated points of this area, 
and 932 or 75.16 °/ 0 of the total number had been destroyed either by parasites (both Dipterous 
and Hymenopterous) or by a fungus disease. The eggs of the moth too, laid on the fir-needles 
in batches, were heavily parasitised by Chalcids of at least two species. 
A Katydid was observed eating one of these large, hairy caterpillars ; possibly a dead 
or diseased larva, but it may have attacked and killed a healthy specimen. Those larvae which had 
perished from fungus were in many cases furnishing food to the nearly naked, flesh-coloured larva 
of a small moth. 
Precis almana. 
Besides Ruellia repens , the larva of this butterfly also feeds on Hy gr op hit a salicifolia , 
Nees, Nat. Ord. Acanthaeece , a very common plant here in streams and marshy localities. 
Rapala varuna. 
Egg hemispherical but flattened at top ; of a pale green, apparently smooth but sparsely 
covered with minute whitish glandular stubble, giving the egg the appearance of being finely 
irrorated with white. Under the microscope the upper surface is seen to be very shallowly 
reticulated, with a glandular hair at each angle of the network. Laid singly on the fruit or shoots 
of Glochidion macrophyllum. The egg is small compared with the size of the butterfly. 
Arhopala rama, Koll. 
Fig. 16, PI. VIII is Arhopala rama , Kollar. 
