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A.—ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
i. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS. 
No. II.—GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 
The object of observations on the external formation of the 
body is to determine the differences which exist between 
human beings according to age, sex, race, and the locality in 
which they reside. These differences are ascertained by 
systematically examining and recording the characters and 
measurements of the several parts of the body separately and 
collectively in a number of individuals. The observations 
should be made on the greatest possible number of persons. 
Records of only a few individuals are of little use, because 
in every series of persons, whether of pure or mixed origin, 
there is always a wide range of individual variation 
present, and in even the most carefully made measurements 
of the living body a certain amount of personal error occurs. 
It is only by making observations on a large number of 
persons that these sources of error can be reduced to such a 
point as not seriously to influence the results ; thus ten 
measurements of ioo persons are better than fifty measure¬ 
ments of twenty persons. 
The traveller should devote himself chiefly to observations 
on adult males, as it is in them that questions of race, type, 
mixture and individual variations are best determined ; they, 
moreover, submit themselves more readily to examination. 
Observations on women and children are also important, 
the former to show sexual differences, and the latter in 
relation to the development history of the body, and the 
influence locality may have upon it. Except for special 
