26 
measurement, care must be taken that the head is held 
straight, as in measuring the projections. 
18. Height to Sternal Notch .—The upper point of measure¬ 
ment is in the middle line of the body, on the upper edge of 
the sternum or breast bone, midway between the projecting 
ends of the collar bones. 
19. Malleolar Height .—Measured from the tip of the 
internal malleolus (or downward projecting process of the 
large leg bone, on the inner side of the ankle) to the ground, 
by sliding down the horizontal arm of the instrument to the 
level of the point of the malleolus. 
The height of the head, from the vertex to the chin, 
having been previously ascertained, the difference between 
the heights to chin and to sternal notch give the length 
of the neck, while that between the sitting and the sternal 
heights gives the length of the trunk. The difference 
between the sitting and standing heights indicates the 
length of the inferior limb, from the level of the under 
surface of the tuberosities of the ischia to the sole of the 
foot; the sitting height subtracted from the kneeling height 
shows the length of the thigh from the lower end of the 
trunk to the knee ; the difference between t'he kneeling 
and standing heights gives the length from the knee to the 
sole ; the malleolar height deducted from this last indicates 
the length of the leg, while the malleolar height itself shows 
the height of the foot. In this way the amount contributed 
by each segment towards the stature of the body is indicated, 
and by reducing the measurement of each segment to 
hundredths of the whole stature the Canon of Proportion 
of the body is obtained. 
20. Span of Arms .—The arms must be extended horizontally 
so that their axes are at right-angles to the axis of the body, 
the palms directed forwards, the measuring rod is placed 
across the subject’s back, not on front of the chest, and the 
maximum distance from the tip of the middle finger of 
one hand to that of the other with the arms extended is 
measured. This measurement is best made when the subject 
is standing with his back and arms resting against a wall. 
