27 
A dditional Measurements . 
These measurements are next to be taken. If it is not 
possible to obtain all of them the traveller should measure 
as many as he can, as they are all of importance. 
21. Maximum Breadth of Shoulders, measured between the 
external surfaces of the prominences of the shoulders about 
5 cm. below the acromion, i.e ., the bony point just above the 
head of the humerus, the subject standing in a natural 
position with his elbows to the sides. 
22. Maximum Breadth of Hips across the prominences ot 
the thighs, where the thigh bones are felt subcutaneously, 
while the subject is standing with the feet together and the 
weight of the body rests equally on both legs 
In making these two measurements the skin should be 
pressed firmly under the arms of the instrument. It may 
not be possible to obtain them on the nude, in which case 
they may be made with the clothes on. They form a good 
index, the breadth of the shoulders being taken as ioo, thus:— 
Hip breadth X ioo . . 
Shoulder breadth ^ UC e m ex * 
23. External Biofbital Breadth , measured from the outer 
surfaces of the bony rim bounding the orbit externally on the 
one side, to the corresponding point on the rim of the other 
orbit. The level of the points of measurement is indicated 
by thickening of the bony rim, and is situated at or slightly 
above the external angle of the eye, and 2 or 3 millimetres 
below the external end of the eyebrow. 
24. External Biocular Breadth , from the external angle of 
the one eye to the corresponding point of the other. 
25. Internal Biocular or Interocular Breadth , between 
the internal angles of the two eyes. 
26. Bigonial Breadth is the breadth of the lower jaw at 
its angles, which are easily felt below the skin. 
The bizygomatic, external biorbital, and bigonial breadths 
of the face when compared with one another, or still better, 
with the projection ot the head from vertex to chin, indicate 
the form of the face, whether it is long, short, oval or square 
in form, and thus assist the descriptive characters. 
