28 
27. Length of External Ear .—The length of the auricle 
measured in its longest axis. 
28. Breadth of External Ear , measured at right-angles to 
the length from the point of junction of the tragus with the 
face, see 8, to the outer rim of the auricle. 
29. Height of Umbilicus or Navel can usually be obtained 
only on nude savages, and should be ascertained after 
measuring the sternal height. 
The next four measurements are made with the graduated 
tape. 
30. Biorbito-Nasal Arc , measured over the root of the 
nose from the same points as 23. This arc, compared with 
the biorbital breadth, gives an index which has been found 
very useful in distinguishing races in India and elsewhere ; 
r , . Biorbito-nasal arc X 100 , . , . , 
its formula is- vr -— rcn --= orbito-nasal index. 
Biorbital breadth 
It indicates very well the degree of prominence or flatness of 
the face. 
31. Circumference of Chest .—This measurement is more 
important in relation to the development of the chest than 
as an indication of race character. In taking it, the subject 
must stand upright with shoulders back and arms hanging 
at the sides ; the tape is placed immediately above the 
nipples, the lower edge touching them, and is brought horizon¬ 
tally round each side over the blade bones to the back of the 
subject where the observer stands, an assistant being in 
front to see that the tape is in the proper position and 
exactly horizontal. The measurement is read off while the 
chest is in repose. The circumference during forced inspira¬ 
tion and forced expiration may also be noted. 
32. Minimum Supra-malleolar Circumference .—This is 
the minimum circumference of the leg above the malleolus. 
33. Maximum Supra-malleolar Circumference shows the 
maximum girth of the calf of the leg. 
In tracing the contours of the hand and foot, care must 
be taken to keep the pencil quite perpendicular. The pencil 
should be split longitudinally, so that the outline it makes 
may be more exact. 
