No. XII.—TEMPERATURE OF THE 
BODY. 
In making observations on the temperature of the body the 
observer should use a clinical thermometer which has been 
manufactured for two or three years, and been afterwards 
tested with a standard instrument so as to ascertain the 
amount of error in its graduation. Such an instrument may 
be obtained with a certificate from the National Physical 
Laboratory at Kew through any good instrument maker. If 
possible the traveller should have his thermometer re-tested 
at intervals to ascertain if any variation has occurred in it. 
The temperature of the body is ascertained by placing 
the bulb of the thermometer under the tongue for from one 
to five minutes, according to the sensitiveness of the 
instrument used, the mouth meanwhile being closed round 
the stem and breathing carried on entirely through the 
nostrils. The temperature of the surrounding air must 
at the same time be ascertained with an ordinary ther¬ 
mometer and noted. Previously to the observation being 
made, the subject should have been resting in the shade for 
a while, and should not have partaken of food for about 
two hours. The observations should be repeated several 
times, and may be made under different conditions of body, 
the typical observation, however, is when the person is 
fasting and at rest. The temperature taken in the axilla is 
not sufficiently accurate for Anthropographical purposes, but 
when taken in the groin it is reliable. 
J. G. G. 
No. XIII.—CIRCULATION AND RESPIRA¬ 
TION. 
The frequency of the pulse-beat should be observed while 
the subject is at rest in a sitting posture, and should be 
noted at the same time of day and under the same conditions 
