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(b.) Hearing . 
Hearing may be roughly tested by the ability to hear 
words spoken or the ticking of a watch. 
Test by words in speaking .—The subject should hold his 
head straight and have his mouth closed. The observer places 
himself first behind then at either side of the subject, taking 
care that his face is not seen by the latter, who should repeat 
the words spoken. The hearing should be tested first with 
both ears open, the observer being behind. The subject 
then stops up one ear with his finger and listens to the 
observer, who now places himself opposite and rather behind 
the clear ear, which he proceeds to test. The same plan is 
followed for the other ear. The observer should begin by 
testing the subject with single words such as “tip,” “fish,” 
&c., containing soft vowels and little emphasized consonants, 
such words being the most difficult to hear. The test words 
should be spoken in a loud whisper, and the distance from 
which they are heard with both ears, and then by each ear 
alternately, should be recorded. The observer should stand 
at a distance from the subject and gradually approach him 
till he hears the test words. 
Test with a Watch .—Ascertain the normal distance the 
particular watch can be heard by examining several persons. 
The subject closes his eyes and puts his finger in one ear, 
the watch is brought towards the clear ear from a distance 
at which it is not heard to the point at which its ticking is 
just perceived. The distance between this point and the 
ear is then measured and recorded. This observation should 
be repeated two or three times. The second ear is then 
tested in a similar manner. Care should be taken to see that 
the subject keeps his eyes closed throughout the test. 
J. G. G. 
(c.) Smell. 
For this no positive rules can be given.—Note whether 
any particular odours are disliked or enjoyed. Can they 
distinguish individuals in the dark by smell, as is said to be 
