47 
or do they walk on the heels or toes ? {Note. —This will in 
some degree depend on the manner in which they are shod.) 
9. What is the average length of pace and cadence of the step 
in men ? 10. In women ? 11. Is the body erect and the leg 
straightened ? or do they stand and move with the knee 
slightly bent? 12. Is the gait energetic or slouching? 
13. How do they carry the head? When the head is in the 
customary position, what would be the line taken by a hori¬ 
zontal plane drawn through the meatus auditorius (opening of 
the ear)? 14. Do they swing the arm in walking ? 15. Are 
the attitudes stiff or easy ? 16. Does the arm hang habitually 
with the palm of the hand to the front, rear, or side ? 17. In 
moving any heavy object, do they habitually pull or push ? 
is power generally exerted from or towards the body ? and 
what muscles do they chiefly employ? {Note. —It has been 
found in some parts of India that the natives cannot use a 
European saw until the teeth are reversed so as to cut with a 
pulling motion.) 18. What is their favourite method of 
carrying weighty objects or burdens ? 19. Do they climb trees, 
well ? and have they any peculiar mode of doing this ? 
20. Have they much power of moving the ears, scalp, or 
features? 21. Can they shut one eye without closing the 
other? 22. Can they extend one finger without opening the 
hand ? and do they habitually point with one finger or with 
the open hand ? 23. Have they any tricks of sleight of hand ? 
24. Do they make much use of the feet in holding objects? 
and is the great toe in any degree opposable ? 25. Are the 
joints generally stiff or pliable. 
J. B. 
Reproduction and Development. 
{See Medical Section, pp. 55 and 58.) 
No. XIX.—HEREDITY. 
With regard to original or congenital physical and mental 
qualities, it is not the existence and importance of heredity 
that is questionable, but its extent, limits, and conditions. 
