open hands often raised high up, with the fingers widely 
separated, and the palms directed towards the person causing 
astonishment ? Is the open mouth in some cases covered by 
the hand ? or is the hand carried to some part of the head ? 
2. Does shame excite a blush when the colour of the skin 
allows it to be visible ? and especially how low down the body 
does the blush extend ? 3. When a man is indignant or 
defiant, does he frown, hold his body and head erect, square 
his shoulders and clench his fists ? 4. When considering 
deeply on any subject, or trying to understand any puzzle, does 
he frown, or wrinkle the skin beneath the lower eyelids ? 
5. When in low spirits, are the corners of the mouth de¬ 
pressed, and the inner corner of the eyebrows raised by that 
muscle which the French call the “Grief muscle”? (The 
eyebrow in this state becomes slightly oblique, with a little 
swelling at the inner end ; and the forehead is transversely 
wrinkled in the middle part, but not across the whole breadth, 
as when the eyebrows are raised in surprise.) 6. When in good 
spirits do the eyes sparkle, with the skin a little wrinkled 
round and under them, and with the mouth a little drawn 
back at the corners ? 7. When a man sneers or snarls at 
another, is the corner of the upper lip over the canine or eye 
tooth raised on the side facing the man whom he addresses ? 
8. Can a dogged or obstinate expression be recognised, which 
is chiefly shown by the mouth being firmly closed, a lowering 
brow, and a slight frown ? 9. Is contempt expressed by a 
slight protrusion of the lips and by turning up the nose, with 
a slight expiration, or by the closure of the eyes, or by other 
gestures ? 1 o. I s disgust shown by the lower lip being turned 
down, the upper lip slightly raised, with a sudden expiration, 
something like incipient vomiting, or like something spat out 
of the mouth ? n. Is extreme fear expressed in the same 
general manner as with Europeans? 12. Is laughter ever 
carried to such an extreme as to bring tears into the eyes ? 
13. When a man wishes to show that he cannot prevent some¬ 
thing being done, or cannot himself do something, does he 
shrug his shoulders, turn inwards his elbows, extend outwards 
his hands and open the palms, with the eyebrows raised and 
