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relations between different tribes or races, even widely 
separated from each other. 
The principal kinds of intentional deformation to be looked 
for may be arranged under the heads of:— 
A. Cranial. 
B. Facial, including the ears. 
C. Dental. 
D. Of the trunk and extremities. 
As the practices of tattooing and circumcision, &c., are 
placed under other heads, they will not here be considered, 
although in one sense they may be regarded as kinds of 
artificial deformation. 
A. Cranial Deformation. 
Alteration in the natural form of the skull is, so far as is 
known, the most ancient and the most general of all kinds 
of artificial deformation, and consequently all observations 
relating to it will be of interest and importance. 
There are two principal ways in which the change from its 
natural shape is produced in the human skull :— 
The first consists in the application of pressure, usually both 
in front and behind, or in front or behind alone, by means of 
flat boards or pieces of bark applied in such a way as to exert 
continued pressure for a considerable time in early infancy, 
and commencing immediately after birth, when the shape of 
the head admits very readily of being moulded in almost any 
direction. It is to be observed, however, that under certain 
very common conditions a considerable modification of the 
form of the head, more especially in the hinder region, may 
arise, as it were unintentionally, from the child sleeping with 
the head resting on a hard substance or from the practice ot 
swathing the infant continually upon a board for the conveni¬ 
ence of carriage. Or, again, the form of the head may be 
affected even by the manner in which the child is otherwise 
