116 
employed as personal ornaments? 13. Are any of these 
copied in metal for the same purpose? if so, give drawings 
of them. 14. Are the defences of animals employed in 
artificial defences—tusks or horns as spears ? saw-fish blades 
as swords ? teeth, claws, split reeds, or blade of the sting-ray 
as arrow points ? crocodiles’ backs as breast-plates or 
shields ? scales of the pangolin as scale-armour ? 15. Are 
any of these copied in metal ? if so, give drawings. 16. Are 
the thorns or spines of trees employed as barbs, awls, pins, 
needles, or for other piercing purposes? 17. Is a plough 
used, consisting of a tree-stem, with a branch as a share ? 
18. Are trees or skins used as boats, the people sitting out¬ 
side ? 19. Are caves, rock-shelters, or tree-tops used as 
dwellings ? 20. Can the use of these be traced in the 
architecture of the people ? 21. Are leaves used for roofing ? 
A. L. F. 
No. XX.—CONSERVATISM. 
The indisposition of most men to change of habits is to be 
studied for its immense practical effect as a barrier to im¬ 
provement in art and reformation in society, while also, to a 
great extent, it tends to preserve existing art and knowledge 
from decay. Among its results, one has special value to 
anthropologists as a means of tracing the history of civiliza¬ 
tion. This is “ survival,” which takes place when old arts 
and fashions, though superseded for ordinary purposes, are 
kept up under special circumstances, especially on state 
occasions and in solemn ceremonies, as may be exemplified 
in our official retention of garments otherwise disused, or in 
the making of fire for religious purposes in India by the almost 
forgotten process of friction of wood. These “survivals” 
prove that the people keeping them up had them in ordinary 
use at some earlier period, information which history often 
fails to give. 
1. Is there a general attachment to ancestral habits and 
