192 
ways ? 87. Give plans of any special defences for the 
gateways, drawbridges, &c. 88. Any knowledge of second 
and third lines, keeps, or advanced works ? 89. Any arrange¬ 
ments for cross-fire, flanking defence, &c. ? 90. Are loop¬ 
holes used? 91, When earthworks are employed, do they 
stand on or behind them ? 92. Do their entrenchments 
command the whole of the ground on the outside within 
range of their weapons, and have they a good command of 
view ? 93. Do their entrenchments run in a straight line, or 
do they conform to the defensive line of the ground ? 94. Is 
the size of the fortress regulated by the number of its 
defenders, or solely by the features of the ground ? 95. Any 
knowledge of mines or fougasses ? 96. Do the defenders roll 
down large stones on the enemy ? and do they take in a store 
of them ? 97. Any knowledge of fire-balls, fire-arrows, 
boiling oil, &c. ? 98. How is the attack usually conducted ? 
99. Do they sit down and invest the place? too. Any 
knowledge of escalading or breaching ? and how is a breach 
defended ? 101. Do they operate on the supplies of a fortified 
place ? 102. Any lines of circumvallation or countervalla- 
tion, saps, or breastworks against the place? when stone 
walls are used are they covered by earthworks in front ? 
103. Have they scouts or outposts? 104. Do they employ 
special men for this duty, or do all take it in turn? 105. 
Are outposts arranged on any regular system ? 106. 
Have they any special signals for war ? 
Supply. —107. How do they supply themselves during war ? 
108. Does each man provide for himself? or is there any 
general arrangement, and under what management ? 109. Is 
any portable food used, especially for war? no. Are their 
proceedings much hampered by the difficulties of supply? 
in. How are requisitions made upon the inhabitants in their 
own or those of an enemy’s country? 112. How do they 
carry their food, water, and baggage, and the forage for their 
horses ? 
Causes and Effects of War. —113. What are the chief causes 
of war? 114. Do feuds last long between tribes ? 115. How 
do they treat their prisoners and wounded ? 116. Have 
