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division of the day ? 9. Of short periods of time, as a walk 
two “pipes” (tobacco-smoking) long? 10. Are there names 
for any of the points of the compass ? are these derived from 
prevalent winds or from what ? 
Steermg Courses by Sun and Stars .—For sun see last par. 
The same star (not planet) has always the same bearing at the 
same altitude ; but the bearing of the star, unless it be near 
one of the poles in the sky, changes considerably during the 
night, and its position in the sky differs at the same hour on 
different nights. To a traveller in equatorial regions, the 
equatorial stars, as Orion, are always either E. or W. of him 
unless exactly over his head. 11. When courses are steered 
by the stars, are these facts recognized ? and how are they 
met? {See also No. V, Navigation.) 
F. G. 
No. LX.—ARITHMETIC. 
{See also No. LXIV, MEASURES, ETC.) 
The use of fingers and toes in counting, as well as of pebbles, 
sticks, &c., should be carefully noticed ; also cases in which 
the numerals of the language only extend to a very low limit 
—for instance, not beyond 3 or 5. All examples which illus¬ 
trate the formation of numerals by words describing the act 
of counting fingers and toes should be carefully sought ; for 
example, the appearance of words meaning “hand” for 5, 
“ man ” for 20. Compound numerals capable of being analyzed 
into the constituent numbers should be sought for, such as a 
word for 7, meaning five-two. The numeration should be 
examined to show how it turns on reckoning by fives, tens, 
and twenties, which are the almost universal systems of the 
world, derived from the primitive practice of counting on the 
fingers. It should be ascertained how far the numeral words 
now used are borrowed from other people. In the further 
development of arithmetic, it should be noticed how far the 
four simplest rules are understood, and by what mental or 
written processes they are actually worked out. The system 
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