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cut on the small of the back. The animals were in pairs : 
similar paired totem animals are found in the same district 
on various objects, curiously recalling the “ supporters ” in 
armorial bearings. It is easy to conceive that if the totem 
animal was frequently cut on objects belonging to the mem¬ 
bers of a clan, it might in time come to be the symbol of that 
clan and later of a tribe. 
i. Are painted, tattooed, or scarified designs upon the body 
or particular deformations used and recognised as marks of 
a clan, caste, or tribe ? 2. If so, state on what part of the 
body the designs are placed, and give careful drawings or 
tracings, and find out if they have any special names for 
individual marks. 3. Collect all the variations you can, and 
endeavour, with native aid, to trace out the sequence (if any) 
of them. 4. Distinguish between clan, caste, and tribal 
marks. 5. Warriors on the war-path are usually distinctively 
coloured, or have weapons, head-dresses, and other ornaments,, 
which differ from those in use on other occasions ; are these 
for the purpose of distinguishing the opposite sides or merely 
casual? 6. If the former, are there individual variations 
which nevertheless keep to one common type? 7. If trees 
or other natural objects are marked, do those marks indicate 
personal or collective property ? Endeavour to trace the 
signification of such marks, and in all cases fortify your own 
conclusions by native evidence. 
A. C. H. 
No. LXX.—MEMORIAL STRUCTURES. 
(See also XL VI. Me gal it hie Monuments 2 ). 
1. Are there other memorial structures apart from those, 
erected over the dead ? if so, what is their character ? 2. Are 
stones erected in honour of the dead, apart from those over 
their graves ? 3. Are such monuments ever erected to the 
