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A wide-angled lens is an absolute necessity for many classes 
of work. If expense is no object, a good portrait lens would 
save trouble and do away with some sources of failure. 
The camera should have a double or triple expansion, 
sometimes it is necessary to take an object natural size or 
even slightly larger and this cannot be done unless the 
bellows rack out for a considerable distance. A rising front 
is invaluable, and a swing back with the vertical and lateral 
movement is a great convenience. For all hot damp 
climates it is essential that the camera be made of well 
seasoned wood and brass bound. It is a mistake to take too 
light a stand, as this should be strong enough for a certain 
amount of rough usage. A universal joint, or some ar¬ 
rangement that will enable pictures to be taken at all 
angles will save much trouble on many occasions, and for 
certain subjects will prove invaluable. Avoid loose screws, 
and if there are any, have duplicates. 
The foregoing remarks apply equally to all kinds of stand 
cameras. For anthropological work a snap-shot camera of 
some sort is quite indispensable as many incidents must be 
seized as they occur, and some people will not consent to be 
photographed so these must be taken instantaneously, and 
without their knowledge. It is possible to combine a snap¬ 
shot with an ordinary camera. A mirror capable of at¬ 
tachment at any angle to the front of the lens, enables the 
operator to secure many interesting studies of unsuspecting 
people ; in the countries where a belief in the “ evil eye ” is 
prevalent such an arrangement would be found invaluable. 
There are three alternative positions for the shutter, in 
front of the lens, between the back and front lens of a 
combination lens, and immediately in front of the plate. 
The two latter are usually regarded to be the best, and they 
have the advantage of being within the camera, and so do 
not offer any purchase to the wind ; this is an important point 
as in many places wind is very prevalent. 
India-rubber tubing, &c., cannot be relied on to last for 
many months in the tropics unless very great care is exercised. 
Spare fittings should be taken ; a shade to cut off excessive 
