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will not be damaged as the next shower of rain will wash it 
off. 
With regard to portraits, a certain number of types should 
always be taken as large as possible, full face and square 
side view; the lens should be on a level with the face, and 
the eyes of the subject looking straight from the head should 
be fixed on a point at their own height from the ground, or 
on the horizon of water. When the whole nude figure is 
photographed, front, side, and back views should be taken ; 
the heels should be close together, and the arms hanging 
straight down the side of the body ; it is best to photograph 
a metric scale in the same plane as the body of the subject. 
It is desirable to have a soft, fine-grained, neutral-tinted 
screen to be used as a background. This screen should be 
sufficiently light in colour to contrast well with yellow and 
brown skins, and it is most important to fix it in a position 
where the light is as strong as possible for as long as possible 
every day. A rough studio may be arranged for a prolonged 
stay. For portraiture it is necessary to have some whitepaper 
or cardboard to act as a reflector to lighten up the shadows. 
Some portraits should be taken three-quarter view or in a 
position that gives a more pleasing picture than the stiff 
portraits required by the student. It is necessary to support 
the head of the sitter in some way if slow plates are used, 
and the photograph is taken on a verandah or in the shade. 
Some unarranged groups should be taken instantaneously 
so as to get perfectly natural attitudes, for it must never be 
forgotten that when a native is posed for photography he 
unconsciously becomes set and rigid, and the delicate “ play 
of the limbs is lost. It is generally best to pose someone 
who is not going to be photographed, and to focus on this 
person and get everything quite ready, so that directly the 
real subject replaces the dummy he can be taken as soon as 
he is sufficiently steady without the operator having anything 
to do except to press the india-rubber release ball. For 
groups of natives a similar plan can be followed—place four 
people or objects in the four corners of the area the group is 
to occupy, and then make inconspicuous marks on the 
