242 
have frequently to be made an ordinary cap for the 
lens is not enough. A Thornton-Pickard time and instan¬ 
taneous shutter is one of the best and cheapest unless the 
more expensive shutters by Bausch and Lomb and others be 
purchased. The traveller should take with him extra pneu¬ 
matic fittings as these are liable to perish, indeed he will be 
best off with a shutter fitted with trigger action, thus doing 
away with all india-rubber fittings, it should have fittings 
to enable it to be used with the different sizes of lenses taken. 
9. Lenses— The most useful lens for all-round purposes is 
a Rapid Rectilinear or Symmetrical of 20 to 23 cm. focal 
length working at//8 or f\ 6. The quality of the lens should be 
the best the traveller can afford to purchase, such as those 
by Ross, Dallmeyer, Zeiss or Goerz. Each combination of 
such a lens may be used separately or conjointly, giving in 
the former case a focus of about double that of the latter. 
Besides this the traveller should provide himself with a 
short focus lens of about 13 to 16 cm. Considerable 
economy may be effected by getting second-hand lenses. A 
good stock of such lenses and photographic apparatus are 
kept by Sands and Hunter of 20, Cranbourne Street, W.C. 
10. Exposure Metre .—The instrument which will probably 
be found most useful is Watkins Standard Exposure Metre, 
but that of Wynne is also good. 
11. Hand Cameras .—Besides a stand camera a hand 
camera of some sort is most desirable, as many photographs 
of anthropological importance can only be got with such an 
instrument. A twin lens or a reflecting hand camera is the 
best form. Those which can be used in the hand or on a 
stand are in much favour, but if such a camera be entirely 
depended on for stand work many desirable qualities have 
to be sacrificed. Hand cameras with magazines for holding 
the plates cannot be recommended as they are liable to go 
wrong*. A good changing box with bag arrangement is 
. somewhat better, -but anyone going away to outlandish 
places for any lengthened period will be best served 
with double dark slides. In order to save expense it 
will be well to try how far lenses may be made interchange- 
